Chapter 4

Question 1

Histology

Answer 1

The study of tissues

Question 2

4 types of tissues

Answer 2

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 3

Epithelial tissue

• 2 functions
• 4 characteristics
• how does intracellular juntions help and what does it allow for
• 3 cell shapes
• number of layers

Answer 3

• Protection: covers and line the body; forms glands
• cellularity, avascularity, regeneration, polarity
• it helps to keep epithelia tightly packed and allows for communication b/n cells
• squamous, cubodial, columnar
• stratified and simple

Question 4

glands

Answer 4

structures that produce fluids secretions

Question 5

Cellularity

Answer 5

cells are closely packed together

-very little extracellular material

Question 6

Avascularity

• definition
• how do they obtain nutrients

Answer 6

• Lack blood vessels

- obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption

Question 7

Regeneration

Answer 7

• Able to undergo mitosis

- growth rates are higher than many other cells in the body

Question 8

Polarity

Answer 8

Has 2 surfaces

1. Exposed - apical
2. Attached - basal

Question 9

Simple epithelium

• how many layers
• durable or fragile
• location

Answer 9

• 1 layer
• fragile because they are thin
• inside of the body

Question 10

Stratified epithelium

• how many layers
• durable or fragile

Answer 10

• many layers

- durable because they can handle mechanical and chemical stress

Question 11

Pseudostratified

• what do the nuclei look like
• each cell is attached to what
• is it stratified
• location

Answer 11

• looks like they are in layers
• basement membrane
• not stratified
• respiratory tract

Question 12

Simple squamous

• structure
• properties
• function
• 3 locations

Answer 12

• single layer of flat cells
• thin
• adapted for diffusion
• alveoli, blood vessels, mesothelium (lines ventral body cavity)

Question 13

Stratified squamous

• structure
• function
• 3 locations

Answer 13

• many layers of cells (basal layer-cubodial; surface layer-flat)
• protection:can handle mechanical and chemical stress
• surface of skin; lining of mouth, esophagus and anus; keratinized (not alive) vs non-keratinized

Question 14

Simple cubodial

• structure
• function
• 3 locations

Answer 14

• single layer of cube-shaped cells
• secretion and absorption
• glands and ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland

Question 15

Stratified cubodial

• structure
• function
• 3 locations

Answer 15

• very rare, look like circles
• secretion and absorption
• lining of some ducts in sweat; mammary glands

Question 16

Transitional epithelia

• structure
• properties
• function
• location

Answer 16

• stratified: cube-like cells when organ is relaxed; flat cells when organ is distended
• cells can change shape; is able to extend
• good when volumes need to change
• urinary bladder

Question 17

Simple columnar

• structure
• function
• 3 locations

Answer 17

• Single layer of columnar cells
• secretion and absorption
• small and large intestine and stomach

Question 18

Pseudostratified columnar

• structure
• function
• 3 locations

Answer 18

• all cells sit on basement membrane even though it looks like multiple layers
• protection and secretion; contains goblet cells and cilia
• respiratory tract

Question 19

Connective tissue

• definition
• 5 functions

Answer 19

• connect epithelial tissues to rest of body
  1. Form structural framework for body
  2. Transport fluids
  3. Protection of organs
  4. Interconnecting other types of tissue
  5. Energy reserve

Question 20

3 characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 20

1. Cells are widely spread out
2. vascular (many blood vessels)
3. Very diverse composition of matrix (hard (bone) to liquid (blood))

Question 21

connective tissue is composed of 3 things

Answer 21

1. cells (macrophages, adipocytes, mesechymal cells, melanocytes, mast cells and fibroblasts)
2. fiber (collagen, elastic and reticular)
3. ground substance

Question 22

Macrophages

Answer 22

Phagocytes

Question 23

Adipocytes

Answer 23

Fat cells

Question 24

Mesenchymal cells

Answer 24

Act as stem cells to replenish tissue

Question 25

Melanocytes

Answer 25

Pigment producing cells

Question 26

Mast cells

Answer 26

Produce heparin and histomines (immune function-anti inflammatory)

Question 27

Fibroblasts

Answer 27

produces fiber

Question 28

Collagen fibers

Answer 28

long, straight and unbranched (most common)

Question 29

Elastic fibers

Answer 29

branched and wavy - can be stretched

Question 30

Reticular fibers

Answer 30

Fine collagen fibers that form a branching interwoven framework

Question 31

Ground substance

Answer 31

- fluid ranges from viscous to solid - Fills spaces b/n cells and surrounds CT fibers - Produced by CT cells

Question 32

3 types of connective tissue

Answer 32

1. connective tissue proper 2. fluid connective tissue 3. Supporting connective tissue

Question 33

Connective tissue proper | -2 types

Answer 33

1. loose (occupies space around organs, packing material, viscous matrix, few fibers) 2. Dense (lots of fibers, less matrix)

Question 34

Fluid Connective tissue - 2 types - matrix

Answer 34

1. blood 2. lymph - aqueous solution

Question 35

Supporting connective tissue

Answer 35

1. bone (solid matrix) | 2. cartilage (semi-solid matrix)

Question 36

representative connective tissue | -5 types

Answer 36

1. Areolar 2. adipose tissue 3. reticular tissue 4. dense regular 5. desnse irregular

Question 37

areolar (loose) - Structure - function - location

Answer 37

- loose array of several kinds of cells, primarily elastic and collagen fibers, semifluid matrix - least specialized - b/n skin and deeper structures

Question 38

Adipose tissue - Structure - 4 functions - 5 locations

Answer 38

- fat cells have a "signet ring" shape, little cytoplasm, large fat droplet - 1. provides padding 2. Shock absorber 3. insulates 4. stores energy - Deep to skin, butt, breasts, around eyes, around other organs

Question 39

Reticular tissue - Structure - function - what is it sometimes referred to as - 5 locations

Answer 39

- irregular network of reticular fibers - provides a supporting framework in various organs - "stroma" - liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

Question 40

Dense regular - Structure - function - location

Answer 40

- parallel bundles of collagen fibers b/n rows of fibroblasts - provides attachment, very strong - tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis (flat tendon)

Question 41

Dense irregular - Structure - function - 3 locations

Answer 41

- Collagen fibers arranged irregularly in bundles around fibroblasts - provides strength to resist forces applied from many different directions - dermis of the skin, capsules of organs, nerve and muscle coverings

Question 42

Supporting connective tissue - 3 types of cartilage - definition

Answer 42

1. Hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage - provides strong framework to support rest of body

Question 43

Hyaline cartilage - Structure - function - 4 locations

Answer 43

- Chondrocytes in lacunae in a homogeneous glossy matrix; avascular; most abundant - provides stiff yet flexible support, reduces friction b/n bony surface - b/n ribs and sternum; covers bones at joints; makes up larynx, trachea, and bronchi; nasal septum

Question 44

Elastic cartilage - Structure - function - 3 locations

Answer 44

- numerous elastic fibers; avascular - provides support, flexible - External ear, epiglottis, auditory tube

Question 45

Fibrocartilage - Structure - 2 functions - 2 locations

Answer 45

- very little ground substance; matrix - densely interwoven collagen fibers; avascular - Absorbs shock and prevents bone-to-bone contact - b/n spinal vertebrae and pubic bones, meniscus (knee joint)