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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones make up the skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

2 parts to the skeleton

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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3
Q

Axial Skeleton

  • what does it form
  • what does it include
  • what does it support
A
  • Forms longitudinal axis of the body
  • skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic
  • Framework that supports the brain, spinal cord and organs of the ventral body cavity
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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs and girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton

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5
Q

What is the function of bone markings?

A

Attatchment of muscles, grooves for nerves and blood vessels, bone articulations

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6
Q

How can bone markings be useful to forensic scientists, anthropologists and pathologists?

A

Help determine size, age and sex; help determine general appearance of an individual

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7
Q

How many bones does the skull contain?

A

22

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8
Q

Cranium

  • definition
  • function
  • how many bones
A

Helmet-like covering that encloses cranial cavity

  • houses and protects brain
  • 8 bones
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9
Q

cranium bones

-6 parts (8 bones in total)

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  5. Ethmoid
  6. Sphenoid
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10
Q

Frontal

  • number of bones
  • function
  • what does it contain
  • what is it formed by
A
  • 1
  • forms forehead and upper parts of orbits
  • frontal sinus-mucus cavity
  • formed by union of 2 bones at metopic suture
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11
Q

when does the metopic suture usually disappear by

A

by age 8 when bones fuse

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12
Q

Parietal

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features/landmarks
A
  • 2 (both sides)
  • Forms sides and roof of cranium
  • none
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13
Q

Temporal

  • number of bones
  • function
  • 5 processes
A
  • 2
  • forms lateral wall of cranium and part of cranial floor
    1. Zygomatic process
      1. Mastoid process
      2. Styloid process
      3. External auditory canal
      4. Mandibular fossa
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14
Q

Zygomatic process

A

forms posterior part of the zygomatic arch

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15
Q

Mastoid process

A

rounded projection behind ear

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16
Q

Styloid process

A

slender spike extending downward

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17
Q

External auditory canal

A

canal leading to middle ear

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18
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

depression on inferior surface which forms socket for mandible

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19
Q

Occipital

  • number of bones
  • function
  • 2 special features
A
  • 1
  • forms much of the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium
    1. Occipital condyles
      1. Foramen Magnum
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20
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

Oval processes that articulate with the first cervical vertebrae

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21
Q

Foramen Magnum

A
  • Large hole
  • connects the cranial canal to the spinal cavity
  • surrounds connection between brain and spinal cord
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22
Q

Ethmoid

  • number of bones
  • what does it look like
  • function
  • 5 special features/landmarks
A
  • 1
  • Irregularly shaped
  • forms inner surface of cranial floor, medial walls of orbit, roof of nasal cavity, and superior part of nasal septum
    1. Cribiform plate
      1. Crista galli
      2. Superior and middle nasal conchae
      3. Perpedicular plate
      4. Ethmoid sinus
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23
Q

Cribiform plate

  • definition
  • what does it contain
A

Forms floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity

-contains perforations (olfactory bulbs)

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24
Q

Crista galli

  • definition
  • attactment site for what
A

upward projecting triangular process

-for meninges of brain

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25
Q

Superior and Middle nasal conchae

A

forms lateral masses that form walls of nasal cavity

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26
Q

Perpendicular plate

A

slender process in midline that forms upper part of nasal septum

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27
Q

Ethmoid sinus

A

mucus lined cavities

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28
Q

Sphenoid

  • number of bones
  • 3 functions
  • what does it resemble
  • 4 special features/landmarks
A

-1
-1. Keystone of cranial floor
2. acts as a cross brace to strengthen skull by extending from one side of cranium to the other
3. forms side of skull, most of cranial floor and part of the orbit
-resembles bat with wings extended
-1. body
2. sella turcica
3, greater wing
4. sphenoidal sinus

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29
Q

Body of sphenoid

A

central portion

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30
Q

Sella Turcica

  • definition
  • what sits there
A

saddle shaped depression on superior surface

-pituitary gland

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31
Q

Greater wing

A

lateral projections that form part of orbit and lateral walls of skull anterior to temporal bone

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32
Q

Sphenoid sinus

A

mucus lines cavities

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33
Q

Facial bones

  • contains 8 parts
  • how many bones all together
A
  1. Nasal
  2. Maxillary
  3. Zygomatic
  4. Mandible
  5. Lacrimal
  6. Palatine
  7. Inferior Nasal Conchae
  8. Vomer
    - 14 bones
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34
Q

Nasal bone

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 2
  • forms bridge of nose
  • none
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35
Q

Maxillary

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 2
  • forms upper jaw and parts of orbit, anterior part of roof of mouth (palate = hard palate)
  • maxillary sinus
  • palatine process
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36
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

Mucus lined cavity

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37
Q

Zygomatic

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 2
  • forms part of zygomatic arch and part of outer wall and floor of orbit
  • none
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38
Q

Palatine process

A
  • horizontal projection that forms boney roof of mouth

- anterior 2/3 of hard plate

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39
Q

Mandible

  • number of bones
  • function
  • 3 special features
A
  • 1
  • lower jaw
  • main horizontal part forms chin
    1. Alveolar processes
    2. mandibular condyle
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40
Q

Alveolar processes

A

sockets for teeth

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41
Q

mandibular condyle (condylar process)

A

articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

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42
Q

Lacrimal

  • number of bones
  • definition
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 2
  • smallest of the facial bones
  • tiny bones that form medial walls of orbit
  • none
43
Q

Palatine

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 2
  • forms posterior part of hard palate and small part of orbit floor
  • none
44
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

  • number of bones
  • 3 functions
  • special features
A
  • 2
  • forms lower part of lateral walls of nasal cavity
  • helps to create turbulence in air passing through the nasal cavity
  • promotes warming and humidification of inhaled air
  • none
45
Q

Vomer

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 1
  • forms lower part of nasal septum
  • none
46
Q

Sutures

A

immovable joints between the skull bones

47
Q

Squamous suture

A

boundary between temporal and parietal

48
Q

Wormian (sutural bone)

A

Usually present along lambdoid suture

49
Q

Orbit

A

Made up of several bones

-bony recesses that contain eyes

50
Q

The nasal septum

  • superior portion
  • inferior portion
A
  • perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

- vomer

51
Q

The bridge of the nasal complex

A

formed by paired nasal bones

52
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • helps to lighten the skull

- extensive area of mucous epithelium

53
Q

fontanelles

  • definition
  • 2 functions
A
  • large fibrous areas between cranial bones
    1. distortion of skull for delivery
      1. allows for brain growth and to continue after birth
54
Q

Bones of the spine

-5

A
  1. Hyoid (cervical)
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccyx
55
Q

Hyoid (cervical)

  • how many bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 7
  • horseshoe shaped bone between mandible and larynx
  • supports tongue and serves as attachment for muscles
56
Q

vertebral column

  • how many bones
  • function
  • special features
A
  • 26
  • a flexible segmented rod that is shaped like an elongated S
  • forms axis of body and encloses spinal cord
57
Q

How many bones in the throacic

A

12

58
Q

How many bones in the lumbar

A

5

59
Q

How many bones in the sacral

A

5 fused bones

60
Q

how many bones in the coccyx

A

3-5 fused bones

61
Q

How long does it take for the sacral and coccyx to fuse its bones

A

not fused until 25-30 years old

62
Q

Why is the spinal column curved?

A

Allows body to remain in balance when standing upright

63
Q

Curves that are posteriorly

  • name
  • 2
A
  • concave

- Thoracic and sacral

64
Q

Curves that are anteriorly

  • name
  • 2
A
  • convex

- cervical and lumbar

65
Q

development of the curves

  • which curve develops at about 3 months
  • which curve develops at about 1 year
A
  • cervical (hold head up)

- lumbar (ability to stand and walk)

66
Q

Primary curves

A

Ones you are born with

-thoracic and sacral

67
Q

Secondary curves

A

Ones you develop after birth

-cervical and lumbar (compensation curves)

68
Q

Kyphosis

  • meaning
  • definition
A
  • hunchback

- exaggeration of the thoracic curve

69
Q

Lordosis

  • meaning
  • definition
A
  • swayback

- exaggeration of the lumbar curve

70
Q

Scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of spine

71
Q

Cervical

-3 features

A
  1. small
  2. spinous process is split (bifid) (C2 to C6)
  3. Transverse foramen in transverse processes (blood vessels - C1-C6)
72
Q

Cervical - C1

  • name
  • body?
  • spinous process?
  • 2 features
A
  • the atlas
  • no
  • no
    1. large round foramen
      1. contains superior articular surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles
73
Q

How does the atlas get its name

A

Hold up head

74
Q

What action is provided by the joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles?

A

Able to nod head

75
Q

Cervical - C2

  • name
  • body?
  • what does it contain
A
  • the axis
  • yes
  • contains a peg like projection called the odontoid process or dens that extends into the atlas
76
Q

What action is provided by the joint between the axis and the atlas?

A

Rotation of the head

77
Q

Cervical - C7

  • name
  • 2 features
A
  • the vertera prominens
    1. long non-bifid spinoud process (does have a transverse foramina)
      1. the largest cervical vertabrae
78
Q

Thoracic

-4 features

A
  1. larger than cervical vertebrae
  2. spinous process in long, pointed and directed inferiorly
  3. long and heavy transverse process that have facets for articulations with ribs
  4. bodies have facets or partial facets (demi-facets) for articulations with ribs
79
Q

Lumbar

-3 features

A
  1. Largest and strongest vertebrae
  2. Thick, oval, flat bodies
  3. spinous process is square and projects posteriorly
80
Q

Sacrum (anterior part)

-2 features

A
  1. Transverse lines

2. anterior sacral foramina

81
Q

Transverse lines

A

points where vertebrae have fused

82
Q

Anterior sacral foramina

A

four pairs of foramina that communicate with posterior foramina

83
Q

Sacrum ( posterior part)

-3 features

A
  1. median sacral crest
  2. posterior sacral foramina
  3. sacral canal
84
Q

Median sacral crest

A

ridge formed by spinous processes of fused vertebrae

85
Q

Sacral canal

A

inferior extension of vertebral canal

86
Q

Sacrum (superior part)

-1 feature

A

Sacral promontory

87
Q

Superior promontory

A

Superior border on anterior surface

88
Q

Sacrum (lateral part)

-1 feature

A

Auricular surface

89
Q

Coccyx

-what type of tail

A

vestigial tail

90
Q

Thorax

  • definition
  • 2 parts
A
  • bony cage formed by sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and bodies of thoracic vertebrae
    1. sternum
    2. ribs
91
Q

Costal cartilages

  • type of cartilages
  • function
A
  • hyaline

- joins ribs to sternum

92
Q

Sternum

  • how many bones
  • 3 parts
A
  • 1
    1. manubrium
      1. body
      2. Xiphoid
93
Q

Manubrium

A

triangular superior portion

94
Q

Body of the sternum

A

Middle, tongue shaped, largest portion

95
Q

Xiphoid

A

process: inferior, smallest portion

96
Q

Ribs

  • how many? pairs?
  • 3 features
  • 2 articulations
A
  • 24 ribs = 12 pairs
    1. head
      1. tubercle
      2. Body/shaft
    1. Head of ribs fits into facets of bodies of one to 2 adjacent throacic vertebrae
      1. Tubercle of rib fits into facets of transverse process of vertebrae
97
Q

Head of ribs

A

Projection at posterior end of rib

98
Q

Tubercle

A

knoblike elevation

99
Q

Body/shaft of ribs

A

flat, main part of rib

100
Q

True ribs

  • classification
  • anterior articulation
  • posterior articulation
A
  • vertebrosternal (1-7)
  • costal cartilages of sternum
  • Thoracic vertebrae
101
Q

False ribs

-2 branches

A
  1. Vertebrochondral

2. Vertebral/floating

102
Q

Vertebrochondral

  • rib number
  • anterior articulation
  • posterior articulation
A
  • 8-10
  • Costal cartilage of rib 7
  • throacic vertebrae
103
Q

Vertebral/floating

  • rib number
  • anterior articulation
  • posterior articulation
A
  • 11 and 12
  • NOT attached directly
  • thoracic vertebrae

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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