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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

How many bones make up the skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

2 parts to the skeleton

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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3
Q

Axial Skeleton

  • what does it form
  • what does it include
  • what does it support
A
  • Forms longitudinal axis of the body
  • skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic
  • Framework that supports the brain, spinal cord and organs of the ventral body cavity
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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs and girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton

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5
Q

What is the function of bone markings?

A

Attatchment of muscles, grooves for nerves and blood vessels, bone articulations

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6
Q

How can bone markings be useful to forensic scientists, anthropologists and pathologists?

A

Help determine size, age and sex; help determine general appearance of an individual

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7
Q

How many bones does the skull contain?

A

22

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8
Q

Cranium

  • definition
  • function
  • how many bones
A

Helmet-like covering that encloses cranial cavity

  • houses and protects brain
  • 8 bones
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9
Q

cranium bones

-6 parts (8 bones in total)

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  5. Ethmoid
  6. Sphenoid
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10
Q

Frontal

  • number of bones
  • function
  • what does it contain
  • what is it formed by
A
  • 1
  • forms forehead and upper parts of orbits
  • frontal sinus-mucus cavity
  • formed by union of 2 bones at metopic suture
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11
Q

when does the metopic suture usually disappear by

A

by age 8 when bones fuse

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12
Q

Parietal

  • number of bones
  • function
  • special features/landmarks
A
  • 2 (both sides)
  • Forms sides and roof of cranium
  • none
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13
Q

Temporal

  • number of bones
  • function
  • 5 processes
A
  • 2
  • forms lateral wall of cranium and part of cranial floor
    1. Zygomatic process
      1. Mastoid process
      2. Styloid process
      3. External auditory canal
      4. Mandibular fossa
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14
Q

Zygomatic process

A

forms posterior part of the zygomatic arch

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15
Q

Mastoid process

A

rounded projection behind ear

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16
Q

Styloid process

A

slender spike extending downward

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17
Q

External auditory canal

A

canal leading to middle ear

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18
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

depression on inferior surface which forms socket for mandible

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19
Q

Occipital

  • number of bones
  • function
  • 2 special features
A
  • 1
  • forms much of the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium
    1. Occipital condyles
      1. Foramen Magnum
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20
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

Oval processes that articulate with the first cervical vertebrae

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21
Q

Foramen Magnum

A
  • Large hole
  • connects the cranial canal to the spinal cavity
  • surrounds connection between brain and spinal cord
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22
Q

Ethmoid

  • number of bones
  • what does it look like
  • function
  • 5 special features/landmarks
A
  • 1
  • Irregularly shaped
  • forms inner surface of cranial floor, medial walls of orbit, roof of nasal cavity, and superior part of nasal septum
    1. Cribiform plate
      1. Crista galli
      2. Superior and middle nasal conchae
      3. Perpedicular plate
      4. Ethmoid sinus
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23
Q

Cribiform plate

  • definition
  • what does it contain
A

Forms floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity

-contains perforations (olfactory bulbs)

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24
Q

Crista galli

  • definition
  • attactment site for what
A

upward projecting triangular process

-for meninges of brain

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25
Superior and Middle nasal conchae
forms lateral masses that form walls of nasal cavity
26
Perpendicular plate
slender process in midline that forms upper part of nasal septum
27
Ethmoid sinus
mucus lined cavities
28
Sphenoid - number of bones - 3 functions - what does it resemble - 4 special features/landmarks
-1 -1. Keystone of cranial floor 2. acts as a cross brace to strengthen skull by extending from one side of cranium to the other 3. forms side of skull, most of cranial floor and part of the orbit -resembles bat with wings extended -1. body 2. sella turcica 3, greater wing 4. sphenoidal sinus
29
Body of sphenoid
central portion
30
Sella Turcica - definition - what sits there
saddle shaped depression on superior surface | -pituitary gland
31
Greater wing
lateral projections that form part of orbit and lateral walls of skull anterior to temporal bone
32
Sphenoid sinus
mucus lines cavities
33
Facial bones - contains 8 parts - how many bones all together
1. Nasal 2. Maxillary 3. Zygomatic 4. Mandible 5. Lacrimal 6. Palatine 7. Inferior Nasal Conchae 8. Vomer - 14 bones
34
Nasal bone - number of bones - function - special features
- 2 - forms bridge of nose - none
35
Maxillary - number of bones - function - special features
- 2 - forms upper jaw and parts of orbit, anterior part of roof of mouth (palate = hard palate) - maxillary sinus - palatine process
36
Maxillary sinus
Mucus lined cavity
37
Zygomatic - number of bones - function - special features
- 2 - forms part of zygomatic arch and part of outer wall and floor of orbit - none
38
Palatine process
- horizontal projection that forms boney roof of mouth | - anterior 2/3 of hard plate
39
Mandible - number of bones - function - 3 special features
- 1 - lower jaw - main horizontal part forms chin 1. Alveolar processes 2. mandibular condyle
40
Alveolar processes
sockets for teeth
41
mandibular condyle (condylar process)
articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone
42
Lacrimal - number of bones - definition - function - special features
- 2 - smallest of the facial bones - tiny bones that form medial walls of orbit - none
43
Palatine - number of bones - function - special features
- 2 - forms posterior part of hard palate and small part of orbit floor - none
44
Inferior nasal conchae - number of bones - 3 functions - special features
- 2 - forms lower part of lateral walls of nasal cavity - helps to create turbulence in air passing through the nasal cavity - promotes warming and humidification of inhaled air - none
45
Vomer - number of bones - function - special features
- 1 - forms lower part of nasal septum - none
46
Sutures
immovable joints between the skull bones
47
Squamous suture
boundary between temporal and parietal
48
Wormian (sutural bone)
Usually present along lambdoid suture
49
Orbit
Made up of several bones | -bony recesses that contain eyes
50
The nasal septum - superior portion - inferior portion
- perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone | - vomer
51
The bridge of the nasal complex
formed by paired nasal bones
52
paranasal sinuses
- helps to lighten the skull | - extensive area of mucous epithelium
53
fontanelles - definition - 2 functions
- large fibrous areas between cranial bones - 1. distortion of skull for delivery 2. allows for brain growth and to continue after birth
54
Bones of the spine | -5
1. Hyoid (cervical) 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5. Coccyx
55
Hyoid (cervical) - how many bones - function - special features
- 7 - horseshoe shaped bone between mandible and larynx - supports tongue and serves as attachment for muscles
56
vertebral column - how many bones - function - special features
- 26 - a flexible segmented rod that is shaped like an elongated S - forms axis of body and encloses spinal cord
57
How many bones in the throacic
12
58
How many bones in the lumbar
5
59
How many bones in the sacral
5 fused bones
60
how many bones in the coccyx
3-5 fused bones
61
How long does it take for the sacral and coccyx to fuse its bones
not fused until 25-30 years old
62
Why is the spinal column curved?
Allows body to remain in balance when standing upright
63
Curves that are posteriorly - name - 2
- concave | - Thoracic and sacral
64
Curves that are anteriorly - name - 2
- convex | - cervical and lumbar
65
development of the curves - which curve develops at about 3 months - which curve develops at about 1 year
- cervical (hold head up) | - lumbar (ability to stand and walk)
66
Primary curves
Ones you are born with | -thoracic and sacral
67
Secondary curves
Ones you develop after birth | -cervical and lumbar (compensation curves)
68
Kyphosis - meaning - definition
- hunchback | - exaggeration of the thoracic curve
69
Lordosis - meaning - definition
- swayback | - exaggeration of the lumbar curve
70
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of spine
71
Cervical | -3 features
1. small 2. spinous process is split (bifid) (C2 to C6) 3. Transverse foramen in transverse processes (blood vessels - C1-C6)
72
Cervical - C1 - name - body? - spinous process? - 2 features
- the atlas - no - no - 1. large round foramen 2. contains superior articular surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles
73
How does the atlas get its name
Hold up head
74
What action is provided by the joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles?
Able to nod head
75
Cervical - C2 - name - body? - what does it contain
- the axis - yes - contains a peg like projection called the odontoid process or dens that extends into the atlas
76
What action is provided by the joint between the axis and the atlas?
Rotation of the head
77
Cervical - C7 - name - 2 features
- the vertera prominens - 1. long non-bifid spinoud process (does have a transverse foramina) 2. the largest cervical vertabrae
78
Thoracic | -4 features
1. larger than cervical vertebrae 2. spinous process in long, pointed and directed inferiorly 3. long and heavy transverse process that have facets for articulations with ribs 4. bodies have facets or partial facets (demi-facets) for articulations with ribs
79
Lumbar | -3 features
1. Largest and strongest vertebrae 2. Thick, oval, flat bodies 3. spinous process is square and projects posteriorly
80
Sacrum (anterior part) | -2 features
1. Transverse lines | 2. anterior sacral foramina
81
Transverse lines
points where vertebrae have fused
82
Anterior sacral foramina
four pairs of foramina that communicate with posterior foramina
83
Sacrum ( posterior part) | -3 features
1. median sacral crest 2. posterior sacral foramina 3. sacral canal
84
Median sacral crest
ridge formed by spinous processes of fused vertebrae
85
Sacral canal
inferior extension of vertebral canal
86
Sacrum (superior part) | -1 feature
Sacral promontory
87
Superior promontory
Superior border on anterior surface
88
Sacrum (lateral part) | -1 feature
Auricular surface
89
Coccyx | -what type of tail
vestigial tail
90
Thorax - definition - 2 parts
- bony cage formed by sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and bodies of thoracic vertebrae 1. sternum 2. ribs
91
Costal cartilages - type of cartilages - function
- hyaline | - joins ribs to sternum
92
Sternum - how many bones - 3 parts
- 1 - 1. manubrium 2. body 3. Xiphoid
93
Manubrium
triangular superior portion
94
Body of the sternum
Middle, tongue shaped, largest portion
95
Xiphoid
process: inferior, smallest portion
96
Ribs - how many? pairs? - 3 features - 2 articulations
- 24 ribs = 12 pairs - 1. head 2. tubercle 3. Body/shaft - 1. Head of ribs fits into facets of bodies of one to 2 adjacent throacic vertebrae 2. Tubercle of rib fits into facets of transverse process of vertebrae
97
Head of ribs
Projection at posterior end of rib
98
Tubercle
knoblike elevation
99
Body/shaft of ribs
flat, main part of rib
100
True ribs - classification - anterior articulation - posterior articulation
- vertebrosternal (1-7) - costal cartilages of sternum - Thoracic vertebrae
101
False ribs | -2 branches
1. Vertebrochondral | 2. Vertebral/floating
102
Vertebrochondral - rib number - anterior articulation - posterior articulation
- 8-10 - Costal cartilage of rib 7 - throacic vertebrae
103
Vertebral/floating - rib number - anterior articulation - posterior articulation
- 11 and 12 - NOT attached directly - thoracic vertebrae

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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