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A&P > Chapter 11 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Blood Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

five functions of blood

A
  1. transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
  2. regulation of pH and interstitial fluids
  3. restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
  4. defense against toxins and pathogens
  5. stabilization of body temperature
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2
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma make up 45% of blood volume, 99.9% of which is RBC

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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells transport oxygen life span of 120 days

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4
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells function as body’s defense mechanisms

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5
Q

platelets

A

small, membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and factors important to clotting remain in circulation for 9-12 days (thrombocytes)

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6
Q

whole blood

A

plasma + formed elements

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7
Q

fractionated

A

separation of blood

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8
Q

venipuncture

A

puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an IV

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9
Q

plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood; 55% of volume; water accounts for 92% of plasma

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10
Q

albumins

A

-major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
-transport lipids, steroid hormones
-60% of plasma proteins

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11
Q

globulins

A

-transport proteins
-immune function (antibodies)
-35% of plasma proteins
-lipoproteins-involved in lipid transport
-can bind to lipids, fatty acids or cholestrol

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12
Q

fibrinogen

A

-essential component of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin to form clot
-4% of plasma proteins

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13
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies attack foreign proteins and pathogens; produced by plasma cells of the lymphatic system

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14
Q

serum

A

the fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed

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15
Q

hemopoiesis

A

process by which formed elements are produced; liver and spleen are primary sites during development but in adults primary site is bone marrow

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16
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

-“pluripotent stem cells”
-produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

-binds and transports oxygen
-accounts for over 95% of RBC’s intracellular proteins
-lack of hemoglobin = anemia

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18
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of RBCs is 46 in males; 42 in females

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19
Q

heme

A

iron-based, pigment part of hemoglobin

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20
Q

anemia

A

reduced hemoglobin content

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21
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

large numbers of RBCs break down in circulation, urine can turn reddish/brown

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22
Q

biliverdin

A

a green bile pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown; made when heme molecule is stripped of its iron

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23
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment made from biliverdin

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24
Q

transferrin

A

binds to iron in bloodstream and transports to bone marrow

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25
Erythropoiesis
-production of red blood cells -requires amino acids, iron, and vitamins (specifically B12, B6, and folic acid)
26
myeloid tissue
red bone marrow
27
erythroblasts
very immature red blood cells that actively synthesize hemoglobin (make hemoglobin)
28
reticulocyte
erythroblast that has shed its nucleus -24hrs+ in circulation become indistinguishable from RBCs
29
vitamin B12
necessary for production of blood cells
30
type A blood
A antigens and anti-B antibodies
31
type b blood
B antigens and anti-A antibodies
32
AB blood
A and B antigens, no antibodies universal recipient
33
O blood
no antigens, A and B antibodies universal donor (most common blood type in US)
34
agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
35
granulocytes
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil
36
Agranulocytes
A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes
37
neutrophils
-50-70% of circulating WBCs; granules are chemically neutral -usually the first RBC to arrive at an injury site -active phagocytes; specialize in attacking bacteria
38
eosinophils
2-4% of circulating WBCs; stain from red dye = "eosin"attack antibody-labeled materials through release of cytotoxic enzymes and/or phagocytosis numbers increase dramatically during parasitic infection
39
basophils
smaller, rare (<1%)accumulate within damaged tissues, release heparine, histamine
40
heparine
prevents blood clotting
41
monocytes
2-8% of circulating WBC; twice size of RBC"free macrophages"; aggressive phagocytes
42
lymphocytes
20-30% of circulating WBCs provide defense against specific pathogens
43
leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell count
44
leukocytosis
excessive numbers of white blood cells
45
leukemia
cancer of white blood cells
46
lymphopoiesis
production of lymphocytes
47
thrombocytes
platelets
48
megakaryocyte
large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow
49
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding 3 phases -vascular phase -platelet phase -coagulation phase
50
coagulation
blood clotting
51
clotting factors
calcium ions, vitamin K and 11 different plasma proteins
52
intrinsic pathway
-activation of proenzymes -proceeds with assistance of a platelet factor; -after a series of linked reactions including Ca+ -clotting proteins form an enzyme capable of activating Factor X
53
clot retraction
after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together
54
fibrinolysis
gradual dissolving of the clot
55
plasminogen
a plasma protein that is converted to plasmin by streptokinase
56
plasmin
converted from plasminogen by streptokinase; dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
57
endothelial layer
area of a blood vessel that is responsible for the majority of clotting
58
aspirin
inhibits platelet aggregation, antipyretic, blocks the formation of thromboxane A2
59
embolism
clots that move and suddenly block a blood vessel
60
Thrombi
blood clots
61
blood
connective tissue
62
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
63
-penia (suffix)
lack or deficiency
64
prothrombin
precedes thrombin; synthesized in the liver in a process that requires vitamin K
65
universal donor
O

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