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A&P > Chapter 9: The General and Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The General and Special Senses Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

astigmatism

A

irregular shape in the lens or cornea that can affect light refraction and clarity of the visual image

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2
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye due to aging

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3
Q

presbycusis

A

age related hearing loss

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4
Q

ultraviolet keratitis

A

severe pain, tearing, light sensitivity, and foreign-body sensation that occurs after ocular exposure to extremely bright light

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5
Q

acute glaucoma

A

failure of aqueous humor to enter the canal of Schlemm; rise in intraocular pressure leading to soft tissue distortion within the eye

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6
Q

nerves responsible for taste

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus; “spicy” is transmitted by trigeminal nervetaste receptors are found in tongue, larynx, pharynx

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7
Q

receptive field

A

area monitored by a single receptor cell; the larger the receptive field, the less precise the information

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8
Q

adaptation

A

reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

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9
Q

6 general senses

A

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

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10
Q

5 special senses

A

olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium, hearing

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11
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors; especially common in superficial portions of the skin, joint capsules, periostea, and around blood vessels

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12
Q

slow pain

A

unmyelinated fiber; burning/aching sensations

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13
Q

fast pain

A

myelinated fiber; prickling pain

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14
Q

referred pain

A

felt in a location other than where it originates

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15
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature; common in dermis, skeletal muscles, and the liver; cold receptors are 3-4x as numerous as warm receptors

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

-sensitive to stimuli such as stretching, compression, or twisting
-tactile receptors
-baroreceptors
-propioreceptors

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17
Q

free nerve endings

A

sensitive to touch and pressure, situated between epidermal cells

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18
Q

root hair plexus

A

made up of free nerve endings that are stimulated by hair displacement

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19
Q

tactile discs

A

“Merkel’s discs”fine touch/pressure receptors located in deepest epidermal layer of hairless skin

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20
Q

tactile corpuscules

A

“Meissner’s corpuscules”sensitive to fine touch/pressure/low-freq vibrations; abundant in eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, external genitalia

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21
Q

lamellated corpuscules

A

“pacinian corpuscules”large receptors sensitive to deep pressure and to pulsing/high-freq vibrations; common in skin of fingers, breasts, external genitalia

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22
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

sensitive to pressure and distortion of the skin; located in deepest layer of the dermis

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23
Q

baroreceptors

A

provide information essential to the regulation of autonomic activities by monitoring changes in pressure; consist of free nerve endings embedded within elastic tissues in organs, such as the bladder or blood vessels

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24
Q

propioreceptor

A

monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons/ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction

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25
Golgi tendon organs
lie between a skeletal muscle and its tendon, monitor the strain on a tendon during muscle contraction
26
chemoreceptors
respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances that are dissolved in the surrounding fluid
27
olfactory epithelium
contains olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, regenerative (basal) cells
28
olfactory glands
secretions coat surfaces of olfactory organs
29
primary taste receptors
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umamifront-->back
30
taste buds
taste receptors + specialized epithelial cells
31
papillae
epithelial projections which protect taste buds from mechanical stresses of chewing
32
gustatory cells
slender sensory receptors
33
accessory structures of the eye
Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles
34
palpebrae
eyelids
35
medial/lateral canthus
corners of the eye where upper/lower eyelids connect
36
tarsal glands
modified sebaceous glands, secrete a lipid-rich substance that keeps the eyelids from sticking together
37
lacrimal caruncle
located at medial canthus; contains glands that produce thick secretions ("eye boogers")
38
sty
infection of an oil gland of the eyelid
39
conjunctiva
Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball
40
conjunctivitis
pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva
41
six extrinsic eye muscles
superior rectus inferior rectus lateral rectus medial rectus superior oblique inferior oblique
42
fibrous tunic
the outermost layer of the eye, consisting of the cornea and sclera and connecting with eye muscles
43
sclera
"white of the eye"
44
cornea
the transparent layer forming the front of the eye; continuous with the sclera
45
vascular tunic
middle layer of the eye; contains choroid, ciliary body, iris, and blood/lymphatic vessels
46
iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
47
neural tunic
retina, innermost layer of the eye; made up of pigmented and neural parts
48
rods
detect black/white; peripheral/night vision
49
cones
detect color; require brighter light, focused in macula lutea
50
macula lutea
"yellow spot" central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear, detailed vision
51
optic disc
blind spot, location where optic nerve attaches, no photoreceptor cells
52
anterior chamber of eye
filled with aqueous humor
53
posterior chamber of eye
filled with vitreous humor
54
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
55
photoreceptors
detect photons
56
visual pigments
-absorb photons -make up outer segments of the discs found in both rods and cones -derived from compound rhodopsin
57
rhodopsin
formed by retinal and opsin
58
retinal
pigment synthesized from vitamin A; identical in rods/cones
59
opsin
protein portion of rhodopsin; different forms are found in rods and each of the three types of cones (red/blue/green)
60
auricle
"pinna"external portion of the ear
61
ceruminous glands
produce ear wax
62
tympanic membrane
eardrum
63
auditory tube
eustachian tubechannel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx
64
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
65
bony labyrinth
winding tunnels located in the inner ear; protects the membranous labyrinth
66
endolymph
fluid within the membranous labyrinth
67
perilymph
fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinths
68
vestibule
portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule; sensitive to linear acceleration
69
semicircular canals
Encole semicircular ducts (3); stimulated by rotations of the head
70
cochlea
contains cochlear duct which provides sense of hearing
71
dynamic equilibrium
aids us in maintaining our balance during movement
72
static equilibrium
maintains our posture and stability when the body is motionless
73
ampulla
Swollen region of the semicircular canals that contains the sensory receptors (hair cells)
74
maculae
sensory receptors for acceleration found in vestibule; contain otoliths
75
organ of corti
hair cells of the cochlear duct are located here; sits above basilar membrane
76
frequency of a sound
number of cycles per second (hertz); high frequency = high pitch
77
Outer ear
-External acoustic canal -Tympanic membrane
78
Middle ear
-Auditory tube -Auditory ossicles (M.I.S.)
79
Inner ear
-Bony labyrinth -Membraneous labyrinth

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