Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Cations

Answer 1

Positively charged ions

Question 2

Anions

Answer 2

Negatively charged ions

Question 3

Surfactants

Answer 3

Lower surface tension of liquid; allow it to spread over surface

Question 4

Decomposition Reactions

Answer 4

Reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler subtsances

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

Question 6

Catabolism

Answer 6

Breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, together with release of energy; destructive metabolism

Question 7

Anabolism

Answer 7

Synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism

Question 8

Synthesis

Answer 8

Opposite of destruction; building of larger molecules from smaller components

Question 9

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 9

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water

Question 10

Exchange Reaction

Answer 10

Parts of reactants are shuffled around to form new products

AB+CD—-> AD + CB

Question 11

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 11

A chemical reaction that releases energy

Question 12

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 12

Reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings

Question 13

Metabolism

Answer 13

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Question 14

Catalysts

Answer 14

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being changed by the reaction

Question 15

Enzymes

Answer 15

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

Question 16

Ionization

Answer 16

Dissociation of ionic bonds in solution

Question 17

Acids

Answer 17

Contain H+ ions; pH<7

Question 18

Bases

Answer 18

Contain OH- ions; pH>7

Question 19

pH of blood

Answer 19

7.35-7.45

Question 20

Buffers

Answer 20

Stabilize pH by removing or replacing H+ ions

Lactate

Question 21

Salt

Answer 21

Ionic compound not containing H+ or OH-; dissociate in water, releasing anions and cations

NaCl (table salt)

Electrolytes

Question 22

Electrolytes

Answer 22

Substances that contain an electrical current in solution

Question 23

4 Main classes of organic compounds

Answer 23

Carbs, fats
(lipids), proteins, nucleic acids

Question 24

Types of cardohydrates

Answer 24

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 25

Monosaccharides

Answer 25

Contain 3-7 carbon atoms, dissolve rapidly; glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 26

Disaccharides

Answer 26

Made up of 2 monosaccharides sucrose (fructose+glucose), lactose (galactose+glucose), maltose (glucose+glucose)

Question 27

Polysaccharides

Answer 27

Made up of more than 2 monosaccharides Starches, glycogen, cellulose

Question 28

Lipids

Answer 28

Does NOT Contain C+H+O in ration of 1:2:1 Fatty acid, fats, steroids, phospholipids

Question 29

Fatty acids

Answer 29

Long carbon chains with hydorgen atoms attched ending in carboxyl (-COOH) group Hydroxyl (Single bonded OH) + Carbonyl (Double bonded O group) In water, only carboxyl end dissolves; hydrocarbon tail is insoluble (hydrophobic)

Question 30

Saturated fats

Answer 30

Contain no double C=C bonds Solid at room temperature

Question 31

Monosatrurated fats

Answer 31

One double C=C bond Liquid at room temperature

Question 32

Polyunsaturated fats

Answer 32

More than one double C=C bond Liquid at room temperature

Question 33

Fats

Answer 33

Assembly of multiple fatty acids with glycerol

Question 34

Triglycerides

Answer 34

Most common fat; 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol head

Question 35

Steroids

Answer 35

Large lipids composed of 4 carbon rings Cholesterol

Question 36

Phospholipids

Answer 36

Formed by 2 molecules Glycerol + 2 fatty acids (tail) Organic molecule + phosphate (head) Found in cell membrane; non lipid head (soluble in water) tail is insoluble (in water)

Question 37

Proteins

Answer 37

Perform a variety of functions, made up of amino acid chains

Question 38

Amino Acids

Answer 38

Made up on amino (-NH2), carboxyl (-COOH), and variable R group

Question 39

Peptide bond

Answer 39

Amino group + Carboxyl group which releases an H2O molecule

Question 40

Globular Proteins

Answer 40

Spherical, hydrophilic (water soluble) proteins

Question 41

Substrate

Answer 41

The substance(s), which an enzyme acts to form product(s)

Question 42

Nucleic acids

Answer 42

DNA and RNA store and process information within cells

Question 43

DNA

Answer 43

Double helix shape Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Question 44

RNA

Answer 44

Single strand helix Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cystosine (C), Guanine (G)

Question 45

High energy bonds

Answer 45

Used to transfer energy obtained via catablosim