Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > Chapter 8: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Nervous System Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

afferent division

A

carries sensory information from PNS to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands from CNS to PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

glial cells

A

neuroglia; provide physical and environmental support for neurons to maintain their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

axon hillock

A

cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nissle bodies

A

clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes; give gray color to “gray matter”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

multipolar neuron

A

has two or more dendrites and a single axon; most common neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite, one axon with cell body directly between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

The dendrites and axon are continuous and the cell body lies off to one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of somatic sensory receptors

A

External Receptors, Proprioceptors, Visceral receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

innervate skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

visceral motor neurons

A

innervate all peripheral affectors other than skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

interneurons

A

“association neuron”; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

astrocytes

A

-Most common
-Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Type of neuroglia, myelinate axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

myelin

A

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses; provides white color to “white matter”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

microglia

A

the smallest of glial cells; they act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ependymal cells

A

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS (basically PNS astrocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neural cortex

A

a layer of gray matter at the surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ascending pathways

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

descending pathways

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

action potential

A

the propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
continuous propagation
action potential occurring along unmyelinated axons
26
saltatory propagation
-action potential occurring along myelinated axons -jumping affect= faster conduction
27
neuroeffector junction
specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates
28
cholinergic synapse
releases acetylcholine (ACh)
29
adrenergic synapse
release norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitter release epinerphrine or adrenaline (hormone)
30
neuronal pool
functional groups of neurons
31
divergence
multiple outputs
32
convergence
multiple inputs
33
Three layers of meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
34
dorsal roots
sensory input to cord
35
ventral roots
motor output from cord
36
6 divisions of brain
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
37
cerebrum
can be divided into 2 hemispheres; responsible for conscious thought
38
left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math, speech
39
right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial
40
Wernicke's area
general interpretive; language/math; usually in the left hemisphere
41
Broca's area
speech; left hemisphere
42
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
43
memory consolidation
conversion from short-term to long-term memory
44
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland)
45
thalamus
-the brain's sensory switchboard (sorting center) -located on top of the brainstem -directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex -transmits and replies to the cerebellum and medulla
46
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
47
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
48
midbrain
visual and auditory reflexes, sleep/wake cycle, alertness
49
pons
connects the cerebellum to the brain stem; "bridge"; relays information
50
medulla oblongata
-Portion of brain stem -Controls: heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
51
cerebellum
Balance and coordination; large motor activities Based on sensory and previous stored movement patterns
52
choroid plexus
produces CSF
53
amygdala
-Portion of gray matter inside each hemipshpere -Responsible for emotions
54
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage; active in learning
55
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
56
limbic system
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
57
dermatone
a specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves
58
12 cranial nerves in order
1. Olfactory2. Optic3. Oculomotor4. Trochlear5. Trigeminal6. Abducens7. Facial8. Vestibulocochlear9. Glossopharyngeal10. Vagus11. Accessory12. Hypoglyssal
59
cervical plexus
c1-c5; innervates the muscles of the neck and the diaphragm; phrenic nerve
60
brachial plexus
C5-T1; innervates the shoulder girdle and upper limbs; axillary, musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar nerves
61
lumbosacral plexus
T12-s4; supply pelvic girdle and lower limbs; femoral, obturator, saphenous, gluteal, sciatic nerves
62
adrenal medullae
center of each adrenal gland; a modified sympathetic ganglion with a short axon; release neurotransmitters into the blood stream
63
neurons
basic units of the nervous system; can be separated into three groups: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
64
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter; adrenergic; produced in adrenal medullae; found in postganglionic sympathetic fibers; usually excitatory
65
reflex arc
"wiring" of a single reflex
66
cranial nerve X
vagus nerve
67
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain
68
affects of parasympathetic nervous system
increases digestion (rest and digest), decreases heartrate, has no effect on perspiration, causes pupillary constriction
69
alpha 1 receptor
vasoconstriction (skeletal muscle), mydriasis (pupil dilation), ejaculation
70
alpha 2 receptor
inhibition of presynaptic terminals--inhibits continued release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic terminal; limits adrenergic response
71
beta 1 receptor
increased HR, conductivity, automaticity, contractility, renin secretion increased in kidneys
72
beta 2 receptor
bronchodilation, vasodilation, inhibition of uterine contractions, skeletal muscle tremors
73
dopaminergic receptors
-Vasodilation (increased bloodflow) -Kidneys, heart, brain
74
mu 1 receptor
analgesia
75
mu 2 receptor
constipation (decrease GI), euphoria, physical dependence, respiratory depression
76
delta receptors
analgesia decreased GI function
77
sigma receptors
stimulate respiratory and vasomotor activity, hallucinations, dysphoria
78
kappa receptors
spinal analgesia, sedation, and pupillary constriction
79
epsilon receptors
analgesia
80
opiate drugs
affinity for mu and kappa receptors
81
pituitary gland
primary structure that links the nervous system to the endocrine system
82
cauda equina
"horse's tail", a fan of nerve fibers at the end of the spinal cord
83
mydriasis
dilated pupils
84
olfactory nerves (I)
smell
85
Optic Nerves (II)
vision
86
Oculomotor Nerves (III)
Moves eyelid and eyeball, adjusts pupil size
87
trochlear nerves (IV)
-superior oblique muscles of the eyes -ability to loook down
88
trigeminal nerves (V)
sensory (face, mouth) and motor (mouth)
89
abducens nerves (VI)
lateral rectus muscle of eye
90
facial nerves (VII)
facial expressions, sensory facial input, control of facial glands, taste
91
vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII)
equilibrium, hearing
92
glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
tongue/pharynx, taste, swallowing, saliva
93
vagus nerves (X)
sensory: pharynx, external acoustic canal, visceral organs motor: visceral organs, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, GI glands
94
accessory nerves (XI)
innervate neck and back, specifically sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
95
hypoglossal nerves (XII)
tongue
96
elevated ridges on brain
gyri
97
shallow depressions in brain
sulci
98
Ganglion
group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
99
Functional groups of neurons
Sensory, motor, interneuron neurons

A&P (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions