Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

Question 1

accessory structures

Answer 1

hair, nails, glands

Question 2

five major functions of the integument

Answer 2

protection
temperature maintenance
synthesis and storage of nutrients
sensory reception
excretion and secretion

Question 3

thick skin

Answer 3

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feetHas five layers

Question 4

thin skin

Answer 4

Covers rest of the bodyHas four layers

Question 5

Langer’s lines

Answer 5

represent natural tension patterns in the skin

Question 6

stratum germinativum (stratum basale)

Answer 6

deepest layer of epidermis; consists of many large stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes which move into the more superficial layers of the epidermis

Question 7

epidermal ridges

Answer 7

downward waves of epidermis which extend surface area between epidermis and dermis

Question 8

Melanocytes

Answer 8

cells that produce melanin

Question 9

stratum spinosum

Answer 9

“spiny layer” where cells may continue to divide and add to thickness of the epithelium; located immediately above stratum germinativum

Question 10

stratum granulosum

Answer 10

“grainy layer” where cells stop dividing and start producing keratin; located above spinosum

Question 11

stratum lucidum

Answer 11

“clear layer” of flattened, densely packed cells; located above granulosum in thick skin

Question 12

stratum corneum

Answer 12

outermost layer of epidermis; consists of 15-30 layers of dead, flattened, keratinized cells

Question 13

papillary layer of dermis

Answer 13

-loose connective tissue
-supports and nourishes the epidermis
-contains capillaries and nerves

Question 14

reticular layer of dermis

Answer 14

-Below papillary layer of dermis

-interwoven meshwork of dense, irregular connective tissue

Question 15

hair shaft

Answer 15

visible part of the hair

Question 16

hair papilla

Answer 16

a peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves

Question 17

cuticle (hair)

Answer 17

outermost layer of hair

Question 18

arrector pili

Answer 18

tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect

Question 19

sebaceous glands

Answer 19

holocrine glands that discharge an oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles or onto skin

Question 20

sudoriferous glands

Answer 20

sweat glands; apocrine and merocrine

Question 21

apocrine sweat glands

Answer 21

not actually apocrine; found in armpits, around nipples, and in groin; release sticky/cloudy secretion; release directly into hair follicle; neatly coiled

Question 22

merocrine sweat glands

Answer 22

2-5 million cover skin, sweat produced here is 99% water; tangled ball; discharge directly onto skin

Question 23

lunula

Answer 23

whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail

Question 24

first degree burn

Answer 24

inflamed/tender only superficial epidermis is killed

Question 25

second degree burn

Answer 25

blisters/very painful damage extends into dermis but not beyond it

Question 26

third degree burn

Answer 26

charred/no sensation at alldamage extends deeper than dermis

Question 27

granulation tissue

Answer 27

a combination of fibrin, fibroblasts, and capillaries that forms during tissue repair after inflammation

Question 28

xerosis

Answer 28

"dry skin" a common complaint of older persons and almost anyone living in an arid climate

Question 29

pruritis

Answer 29

an irritating itching sensation, common in skin conditions

Question 30

Psoriasis

Answer 30

a painless condition characterized by rapid stem cell divisions in the stratum germinativum of the scalp, elbows, palms, soles, groin, and nails; affected areas appear dry and scaly

Question 31

5 strata of skin

Answer 31

germinativum (basale), spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (only in thick), corneum

Question 32

carotene

Answer 32

yellow-orange pigment

Question 33

UV radiation

Answer 33

stimulates D3 synthesis; Convert D3 into calcitriol (active form) by liver and kidneys

Question 34

Petichiae

Answer 34

reddish purple spots, diameter less than .5 cm

Question 35

keloid

Answer 35

elevated scar, irregular shape, larger than original wound

Question 36

ulcer

Answer 36

red or purplish depression ranging into dermis, caused by tissue loss

Question 37

purpura

Answer 37

reddish purple blotches, diameter more than .5 cm

Question 38

cortex

Answer 38

middle layer of the hair; a fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells containing melanin pigment

Question 39

medulla

Answer 39

center of hair; made of a flexible soft keratin

Question 40

nail body

Answer 40

consists of a dense mass of dead, keratinized cells; recessed beneath the level of the surrounding epithelium

Question 41

nail bed

Answer 41

skin underlying the nail body

Question 42

fibrin

Answer 42

insoluble protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

Question 43

herpes zoster

Answer 43

shinglesvirus becomes activated later in life (after initial infection) and spreads along sensory nerve; rash is limited to the dermatome of the infected nerve

Question 44

varicella

Answer 44

chicken pox

Question 45

hirsutism

Answer 45

excessive hair growth

Question 46

exanthems

Answer 46

diseases causing skin rashes viral: rubella, rubeola, roseola, varicellabacterial: scarlet fever