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A&P > Chapter 6: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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2
Q

epiphyses

A

expanded ends of long bones

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3
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone; resembles a network of bony rods or struts separated by spaces

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4
Q

periosteum

A

outer surface of a bone

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5
Q

Endosteum

A

membranous lining of the inner hollow cavity of the bone

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6
Q

Haversian canal

A

central channel of the osteon that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

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7
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; maintain normal bone structure by recycling calcium salts, assist in repairs

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9
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant cells with 50 or more nuclei; dissolve bony matrix to release stored minerals through osteolysis

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10
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce new bone in process called osteogenesis

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11
Q

ossification

A

the process of replacing other tissues with bone

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12
Q

lamellae

A

sheets of calcified matrix between which lacunae are found

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13
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

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14
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels that connect lacunae and link them to nearby blood vessels

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15
Q

appositional growth

A

growth in width

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16
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

works with calcitriol (secreted by kidneys) to increase calcium levels in the body

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17
Q

calcitriol

A

Active form of D3 produced in kidney and parathyroid gland which stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract

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18
Q

calcitonin

A

-secreted from thyroid
-depresses calcium levels in body fluids

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19
Q

fracture hematoma

A

blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

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20
Q

torus fracture

A

cortex buckles but does not break; exclusivly in children

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21
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

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22
Q

Colles fracture

A

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist; creates fork shape

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23
Q

osteopenia

A

inadequate ossification

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24
Q

process

A

any projection or bump

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25
ramus
An extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
26
Trochanter
large, rough projection
27
tuberosity
small rough projection
28
Tubercle
small rounded projection
29
crest
prominent ridge
30
line
low ridge
31
spine
pointed process
32
head
expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck
33
neck
A narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
34
condyle
smooth, rounded articular process
35
trochlea
smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
36
facet
small, flat articular surface
37
fossa
shallow depression
38
sulcus
narrow groove
39
foramen
rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
40
canal
passageway through the substance of a bone
41
fissure
elongated cleft
42
sinus
chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
43
infraorbital foramen
opening for a major sensory nerve from the face
44
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
45
coronal suture
the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
46
lambdoid suture
between parietal bones and occipital bone
47
occipital condyles
sites of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column
48
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull; attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone
49
sella turcica
"Turk's saddle"; depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
50
cribriform plate
holes in this surface of the ethmoid permit passage of the olfactory nerves
51
zygomatic arch
extension of temporal bone that connect to zygomatic bone
52
hyoid
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue, larynx, and pharynx
53
primary spinal curves
thoracic and sacral
54
secondary spinal curves
cervical and lumbar
55
atlas
C1
56
axis
c2
57
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
58
false ribs
ribs 8-10; do not attach directly to sternum; 11-12 floating ribs
59
glenoid cavity
socket in scapular that receives head of humerus
60
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
61
suture
bones are interlocked and bound together by dense connective tissue; type of synarthrosis
62
Gomphosis
ligament binds joint; type of synarthrosis used to anchor teeth
63
Synchondrosis
a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones; type of synarthrosis (ribs meet sternum)
64
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
65
syndesmosis
bones connected by ligaments; type of amphiarthrosis found in tib-fib connection
66
symphysis
connection by fibrocartilage pad
67
Diarthrosis
complex, freely movable joint; synovial joint
68
bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid; act as shock absorbers and reduce friction
69
rheumatism
general term describing pain and stiffness that arises in the skeletal or muscular systems
70
arthritis
includes all of the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
71
osteoarthritis
"degenerative arthritis" or "degenerative joint disease"
72
rheumatoid arthritis
An inflammatory condition caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
73
inversion
turning inward
74
eversion
turning outward
75
pivot joints
allow rotation only
76
subluxation
partial dislocation
77
rickets
childhood disorder that reduces the amount of calcium salts in the skeleton; characterized by a bowlegged appearance
78
lordosis
abnormal lumbar curve of the spine
79
Five functions of the skeletal system
support, storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage
80
four basic types of bone
long (humerus, femur)short (carpals, tarsals)flat (parietal, ribs, scapulae)irregular (vertebrae)
81
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
82
osteon
basic functional unit of compact bone
83
perforating canals
provide passageways for linking the blood vessels, linking the marrow cavity and periosteum
84
endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
85
axial skeleton
80 bones skull, vertebral column, rib cage
86
appendicular skeleton
126 bones pelvic girdle, pectoral girdles, and limbs
87
cranium
8 bones
88
face
14 bones
89
mastoid process
part of temporal bone; prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the entrance to the external acoustic canal; site for the attachment of muscles that rotate or extend the head
90
vertebrae
24 + sacrum + coccyx; includes a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and articular processes
91
pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx
92
carpal bones
wrist; 8 bones
93
tarsal bones
ankle; 7 bones
94
clavicle
Most commonly fractured bone in the body
95
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches to tibia
96
Injury/Repair of bone process
Step 1- Injury; extensive bleeding occurs, hematoma develops Step 2- Periosteum and endosteum undergo mitosis, form localized thickening, produce hyaline cartilage Step 3- Osteoblasts replaced cartilage with spony bone (endochondrial ossification), ends of bone are solidified to withstand muscle tension Step 4- Spongy bone formation will be present for 4months-1 year, eventually leading to a fully repaired bone

A&P (19 decks)

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