Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > Chapter 12: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Heart Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

systemic circuit

A

transports blood to and from the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pericardial cavity

A

contains the heart; lined by serous membrane called the pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pericardium

A

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart; visceral and parietal tough, fibrous layer that protects the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parietal pericardium

A

lines inner surface of the pericardial sac and is a dense network of collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

visceral pericardium

A

(epicardium)covers the outer surface of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

auricle

A

lumpy, wrinkled flap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove usually filled with fat that marks border between atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

apex

A

inferior, pointed tip of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

myocardium

A

muscular, middle layer of the heartalmost entirely dependent on aerobic metabolism; has many mitochondria, excess myoglobin O2 reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endocardium

A

simple squamous inner lining of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interatrial septum

A

wall that separates the left and right atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

interventricular septum

A

wall that separates the left and right ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

superior vena cava

A

delivers blood to the heart from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inferior vena cava

A

delivers blood to the heart from the trunk, viscera, and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fossa ovalis

A

small depression at the prior site of the foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

foramen ovale

A

connects the two atria in the fetal heart; closes at birth and is permanently sealed within 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

chordae tendineae

A

“heart strings” are tiny white connective fibers that anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls; originate from the papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

papillary muscles

A

cone-shaped projections on the inner surface of the ventricle that contract and pull on chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

the start of the pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
mitral valve
bicuspid valve (left atrioventricular valve)
26
aortic semilunar valve
aortic valve
27
regurgitation
backflow of blood; swirling sound may create soft sound known as a heart murmur
28
mitral valve prolapse
improper closure of the mitral valve; affects an estimated 10% of normal individuals who are asymptomaticmay stem from improperly sized chordae tendineae or malfunctioning papillary muscles
29
aortic sinuses
sac-like expansions at the base of the ascending aorta; prevent the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve from sticking to the wall of the aorta when valve opens
30
fibrous skeleton of the heart
-dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels -stabilizes the position of the heart valves and physically isolates atria from ventricles
31
coronary arteries
-left and right branches originate at the base of the aorta (at aortic sinuses) -where BP is highest in entire body
32
right coronary artery
-forms the marginal and posterior interventricular (descending) branches -provides blood to right atrium -BOTH ventricles (makes sense bc left ventricle needs more blood)
33
left coronary artery
forms the circumflex and anterior interventricular (descending) branches supplies -blood to left atrium -left ventricle -interventricular septum
34
anastomoses
connections between blood vessels; built-in redundancy that ensures that bloodflow will reach target even in the event of a blockage
35
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
36
Atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty deposits (plaque) build up on the inner walls of the arteries
37
coronary sinus
large, thin-walled vein in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus; drains cardiac venous blood into the right atrium
38
infarct
area of dead tissue caused by an interruption in blood flow
39
ischemia
lack of blood flow
40
coronary artery disease
condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the walls of the coronary arteries
41
Revascularization
Reestablishment of blood supply to a part of the body
42
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCTA)
involves introducing a small catheter into the affected artery to increase the size of the vessel lumen
43
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
major procedure that requires that the sternum be split, the heart stopped, and the patient placed on a bypass pump for the duration of the surgery; part of the saphenous vein is frequently taken from the leg to be sewn into the aorta
44
cardioplegia
intentional and temporary cessation of cardiac activity, primarily for cardiac surgery
45
2 types of cardiac muscle cells
conducting system and contractile cells
46
3 phases of cardiac action potential
rapid depolarization, plateau, repolarization complete process takes 25-30 times as long as in a skeletal muscle fiber
47
repolarization
calcium leaves the cell to restore the cell to a negative resting membrane potential
48
nodal cells
responsible for establishing the rate of cardiac contraction; located in SA and AV nodes
49
conducting cells
distribute the contractile stimulus to the general myocardium; major sites include the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
50
flow of electrical impulse through heart
SA node --> internodal pathways --> AV node --> AV bundle --> bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers
51
bundle of His
AV bundle
52
pacemaker cells
nodal cells that reach threshold first
53
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
54
SA node
pacemaker of the heart; spontaneously generates 70-80 action potentials per minute
55
AV node
atrioventricular node; only generates 40-60 action potentials per minute; slows down impulse from SA node to give the atria time to fully contract before ventricular contraction begins
56
bradycardia
slow heart rate (less than 60bpm)
57
tachycardia
fast heart rate (more than 100bpm)
58
ectopic pacemaker
a pacemaker other than the SA or AV node
59
P wave
depolarization of the atria
60
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles
61
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
62
cardiac arrythmias
abnormal patterns of cardiac activity
63
first heart sound
"lubb"produced as AV valves close, semilunar valves open
64
second heart sound
"dupp"occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole, when the semilunar valves close
65
stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in a single beat
66
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minuteCO = SV x HR
67
myocardial concussion
"commotio cordis"When the heart stops due to a sudden blow to the chest
68
Bainbridge reflex
"atrial reflex"produces adjustments in HR in response to an increase in venous return
69
venous return
flow of venous blood to the heart
70
filling time
duration of ventricular diastole
71
Frank-Starling principle
As venous return increases, stroke volume in ventricles increases"more in = more out"
72
cardioacceleratory center
controls sympathetic neurons that increase the heart rate
73
cardioinhibitory center
controls the parasympathetic neurons that slow the heart rate
74
hypercalcemia
an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood; heart muscles become extremely excitable
75
Hypocalcemia
deficient levels of calcium in the blood; heart contractions become very weak and may cease altogether
76
hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in the blood; cardiac contractions become weak and irregular
77
hypokalemia
deficient potassium in the blood; heart rate is reduced (bradycardia)
78
digitalis
works directly on the heart muscle to strengthen and regulate the heartbeat by increasing the Ca+ concentration within myocardium
79
angina pectoris
severe chest pain that results from temporary ischemia whenever the heart's workload increases
80
balloon angioplasty
a technique for reducing the size of a coronary plaque by compressing it against the arterial walls using a catheter with an inflatable collar
81
carditis
inflammation of the heart
82
cardiac tamponade
a condition that results from pericardial irritation and inflammation; fluid collects in the pericardial sac and restricts cardiac output
83
rheumatic heart disease
disorder in which the heart valves become thickened and stiffen into a partially closed position; reduces the efficiency of the heart
84
valvular heart disease
a disorder caused by abnormal functioning of one of the cardiac valves; severity depends on the degree of damage and the valve involved
85
rotation of the heart
slightly to the left; right side of heart lays anterior, left side sits posterior
86
sodium
causes depolarization
87
three properties of cardiac cells
automaticity, excitability, conductivity
88
heart dynamics
refers to movements and forces generated in cardiac contractions
89
Five phases of cardiac action potential
-depolarization (Na+ entry) -early repolarization -plateau (Ca+ entry) -repolarization (K+ loss) -resting phase (return to normal ionic concentrations)
90
coronal sinus
cardiac veins return blood here; opens into right atrium

A&P (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions