Chapter 11 Endocrine System

Question 1

difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?

Answer 1

exocrine utilize a duct to release secretions (sweat glands)

endocrine release hormone directly into bloodstream (pituitary gland)

Question 2

Hormones are chemicals that act on target organs to ________?

Answer 2

either increase or decrease target’s activity level

Question 3

the pituitary gland is directly controlled by ___?

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

what sections is the pituitary gland divided into?

Answer 4

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

Question 5

what does the adrenocorticotropic hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?

Answer 5

function of the adrenal cortex

Question 6

what does the luteinizing hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?

Answer 6

secretion of sex hormones

and plays role in releasing ova in females

Question 7

what does the follicle-stimulating hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?

Answer 7

development of ova and sperm

also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen

Question 8

what are the two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Antidiuretic hormone - to the kidneys

oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions and triggers breast to begin to produce milk

Question 9

where are the adrenal glands located and how many of them are there?

Answer 9

two glands

located above each kidney

Question 10

what three corticosteroids that are secreted by the adrenal cortex? and their general functions?

Answer 10

Mineralocorticoids - regulate sodium and potassium levels
glucocorticoids - regulate carbohydrates and cortisol (stress hormone
Steroid sex hormones - regulate secondary sexual characteristics

Question 11

what two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 11

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Question 12

what two hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

Answer 12

estrogen - menstrual cycle and female characteristics

progesterone - maintains uterine environment for pregnancy

Question 13

what organ is the only one to have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Answer 13

pancreas

Question 14

what exocrine function does the pancreas serve?

Answer 14

releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum

Question 15

what two hormones are released by the pancreas

Answer 15

insulin and glucagon

Question 16

what are the differences between insulin and glucagon?

Answer 16

insulin - beta cells; lowers blood sugar

glucagon - alpha cells; raises blood sugar levels

Question 17

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 17

on either side of trachea (butterfly shape)

Question 18

what three hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

Answer 18

thyroxine - help with metabolism
triiodothyronine - help with metabolism
calcitonin - regulates calcium in the bloodstream by increasing the deposition of calcium into bone and thus lowering calcium in bloodstream

Question 19

where are the parathyroid glands and how many are there?

Answer 19

4 tiny glands on dorsal side of thyroid gland

Question 20

what hormone does parathyroid gland release and what does it do?

Answer 20

parathyroid hormone - regulate calcium in bloodstream by breaking down bone to raise its levels

Question 21

how do the calcitonin of the thyroid gland and the parathyroid hormone work together for a homeostatic balance of calcium?

Answer 21

if calcium level rises above a set point, thyroid gland releases calcitonin which makes the calcium levels fall.
if calcium level falls below a set point, parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels

Question 22

where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete?

Answer 22

tiny gland in the thalamus region
melatonin - regulate circadian rhythm (24-hour clock)
thymosin - growth and development of T-cells

Question 23

hyperglycemia

Answer 23

hyper- = excessive
glyc/o = sugar
-emia = blood condition

Question 24

thyromegaly

Answer 24

thyr/o = thyroid gland
-megaly = enlarged

Question 25

what portion of the adrenal glands produces sex hormones?

Answer 25

the adrenal cortex

Question 26

gynecomastia

Answer 26

development of breast tissue in males

Question 27

adrenal virilism

Answer 27

hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females

Question 28

hirsutism

Answer 28

excessive amount of hair

Question 29

how can a disruption of the adrenal gland affect men and women?

Answer 29

a hypersecretion in the adrenal gland of steroid sex hormones, such as estrogen, can develop secondary female characteristics such as breasts in males a hypersecretion in the adrenal gland of steroid sex hormones, such as testosterone can develop secondary male characterizes in females such as excessive hair on the face or (hirsutism).

Question 30

addison's disease

Answer 30

hyposecretion of adrenal cortex

Question 31

Cushing's syndrome

Answer 31

hypersecretion of adrenal cortex

Question 32

type 1 diabetes?

Answer 32

immune system attacks cells in pancreas that make insulin

Question 33

type 2 diabetes

Answer 33

cells stop responding to insulin

Question 34

main difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?

Answer 34

type 1: lack of insulin, develops early in life, must take insulin injections type 2: resistance to insulin, develops later in life, treated by diet exercise and oral medications

Question 35

ketoacidosis

Answer 35

excess of acidic ketone bodies; complication of diabetes

Question 36

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 36

accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes

Question 37

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 37

damage to nerves in lower legs and hands; complication of diabetes

Question 38

tetany can cause nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to

Answer 38

hypocalcemia; may be complication from hypoparathyroidism

Question 39

diabetes insipidus

Answer 39

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; can cause polyuria and polydipsia

Question 40

gigantism vs dwarfism

Answer 40

hypersecretion of growth hormone in child | hyposecretion of growth hormone in child

Question 41

acromegaly

Answer 41

chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; enlargement of bones of head and extremities

Question 42

panhypopituitarism

Answer 42

hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones

Question 43

congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 43

congenital condition; lack of thyroid hormone

Question 44

hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer 44

autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in hyposecretion

Question 45

myxedema

Answer 45

sever hypothyroidism in adult

Question 46

goiter

Answer 46

enlarged thyroid gland

Question 47

grave's disease

Answer 47

hypersecretion of thyroid

Question 48

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 48

hypersecretion of thyroid

Question 49

exophthalmos

Answer 49

protruding eyeballs; associated with hypersecretion of thyroid gland

Question 50

gonad/o-

Answer 50

sex glands

Question 51

kal/i-

Answer 51

potassium

Question 52

mineral/o-

Answer 52

electrolytes

Question 53

natr/o-

Answer 53

sodium

Question 54

somat/o-

Answer 54

body

Question 55

thym/o

Answer 55

thymus

Question 56

thyr/o-

Answer 56

thyroid

Question 57

how does HEAL help us remember the functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 57

Homeostatic Endocrine Autonomic Limbic