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Medical Terminology - Spurgin > Chapter 12 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the Central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

peripheral nerves and cranial nerves

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3
Q

what two types of cells is the nervous system composed of?

A

neurons
neuroglial cells

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4
Q

what makes neurons and neuroglial cells different?

A

neurons can conduct electrical impulses and neuroglial cells cannot

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5
Q

roughly how many neurons can be found in the brain?

A

86 billion

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6
Q

what is a synapse?

A

point where the axon of one neuron meets dendrite (or cell body) of another neuron

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7
Q

roughly how many synapses occur in the brain?

A

over 100 trillion

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8
Q

what is a neurotransmitter and what does it stimulate

A

chemical released by an axon
stimulate dendrite of another axon

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9
Q

roughly how many neuroglial cells are in the brain?

A

85 billion

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10
Q

what is the 3 main purposes of the CNS?

A

receive impulses from all over body
process this information
respond with action

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11
Q

bundles of nerve fibers are called?

A

tracts

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12
Q

tracts are found within?

A

inside brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what is gray and white matter composed of, in terms of cells?

A

gray: unmyelinated cells
white: myelinated cells

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14
Q

what are the four main regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem

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15
Q

what is the largest region of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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16
Q

what main functions does the cerebrum preform?

A

thoughts,
judgement,
memory,
association skills,
discrimination between items

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17
Q

what kind of matter is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

gray matter

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18
Q

what are the names of the five lobes within the cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

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19
Q

what is the main function of the frontal lobe?

A

motor function
personality
speech

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20
Q

what is the main functions of the parietal lobe?

A

sensory and motor function
interprets language

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21
Q

what are the main functions of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing (auditory)
smelling (olfactory)
taste

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22
Q

what are the main functions of the occipital lobe?

A

vision
vision reflexes

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23
Q

what is the main function of the insula?

A

taste (gustatory area)

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24
Q

what are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A

coordination,
balance
equilibrium

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25
what region does the thalamus and hypothalamus make up?
diencephalon
26
what is the main function of the thalamus?
relay station for sensory impulses directs impulses to correct part of cortex for interpretation
27
what are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
controls body temp appetite sleep libido emotions hormones ANS
28
what are the sections of the brain stem called?
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
29
what is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
shock protection for CNS
30
three layers of meninges and brief discriptions?
dura mater - tough layer (superior) arachnoid membrane - thin web-like (middle) pia mater - soft; directly attached to brain (deepest layer)
31
spinal cord is encased by how many vertebrae?
33 vertebrae
32
what is shingles and what is caused by?
eruption of painful blisters along nerve path Herpes Zoster virus
33
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
34
how many spinal nerves are there?
31
35
cranial nerves come from\_\_\_?
brain
36
Spinal nerves come from \_\_\_\_?
spinal cord
37
where does the spinal cord begin and end?
extends from medulla oblongata ends at L2 vertebrae
38
each _____ can carry information both to and from CNS
nerve
39
any individual ____ can carry information in only one direction
neuron
40
another name for sensory neurons
afferent neurons
41
what path does an afferent neuron travel?
from sensory receptor to CNS
42
another name for motor neuron?
efferent neuron
43
what path does an efferent neuron take?
from CNS to effecting muscles or glands
44
difference between autonomic and somatic?
autonomic - involuntary somatic - voluntary
45
what are two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic sympathetic
46
what functions does the parasympathetic division consist of?
"rest and digest" heart rate decrease blood pressure decrease stimulate digestion
47
what functions does the sympathetic division serve?
"fight, flight, or fright" heart rate increase dilate airways blood pressure increase inhibits digestion stim. production of adrenaline
48
absence seizure
epileptic seizure causes loss of awareness and absence of activity
49
tonic-clonic seizure
epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms
50
epilepsy
seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical brain activity
51
spinal cord injury (SCI)
damage to spinal cord due to trauma may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent
52
paraplegia
``` para- = two like parts of a pair -plegia = paralysis ``` paralysis of lower portion of body
53
quadriplegia
``` quadri- = four -plegia = paralysis ``` paralysis of all four limbs
54
Alzheimer's disease
disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory
55
cerebellitis
``` cerebell/o = cerebellum -itis = inflammation ```
56
brain tumor
intracranial mass may be malignant or benign dangerous because it occupies space
57
astrocytoma
``` astr/o = star cyt/o = cell -oma = tumor ``` malignant tumor originating in astrocytes within CNS
58
what can cause cerebral palsy (CP)
brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth
59
what are symptoms of cerebral palsy (CP)?
lack of motor skills stiff muscles/ spasms bad posture and instability difficult walking impaired cognitive ability epilepsy
60
concussion
mild traumatic brain injury from impact
61
traumatic brain injury
damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or penetrating projectile
62
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain from impact symptoms last longer than 24 hrs which include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils
63
epidural hematoma
mass of blood in space outside (above) dura mater
64
subdural hematoma
mass of blood forming within subdural space due to torn meningeal blood
65
cerebral aneurysm
ballooning of cerebral artery may cause stroke
66
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
infarct due to loss of blood supply to brain commonly called a stroke could be due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression
67
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary interference with blood supply to brain may lead to cerebrovascular accident
68
migraine
specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness and nausea
69
hydrocephalus
``` hydr/o = water cephal/o = head ``` accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles
70
Parkinson's disease
chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait
71
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord aka: Lou Gehrig's disease
72
spina bifida
congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal
73
meningocele
``` mening/o = meninges -cele = protrusion ``` protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect
74
myelomeningocele
``` myel/o = spinal cord mening/o = meninges -cele = protrusion ``` protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect
75
poliomyelitis
``` poli/o = gray matter myel/o = spinal cord -itis = inflammation ``` viral infection affecting spinal cord paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent
76
Bell's palsy
one-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus
77
Guillain-Barre syndrome (BGS)
temporary loss of myelin sheath may be autoimmune starts in legs and progresses up nervous system
78
multiple sclerosis
axonal demyelination then degeneration plaques "hardenings" form in the CNS
79
meningitis
``` mening/o = meninges -itis = inflammation ``` inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection; symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and photophobia
80
neuroma
``` neur/o = nerve -oma = tumor ``` tumor of nerve or sheath around nerve
81
radiculopathy
``` radicul/o = nerve root -pathy = disease ``` condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on nerve root
82
radiculitis
``` radicul/o = nerve root -itis = inflammation ``` inflammation of a nerve root
83
alges/o
sense of pain *algesia*
84
astr/o
star *astrocyte*
85
clon/o
rapid contracting *clonic*
86
concuss/o
to shake violently *concussion*
87
dur/o
dura mater *dural/ subdural*
88
encephal/o
brain *encephalic*
89
esthes/o
sensation *syn**esthsia***
90
gli/o
glue *glial*
91
ment/o
mind *mental*
92
myel/o
spinal cord *myelitis*
93
peripher/o
away from center *peripheral*
94
pont/o
pons *pontine*
95
radicul/o
nerve root *radicular*
96
thec/o
sheath *thecal*

Medical Terminology - Spurgin (14 decks)

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