Chapter 8 concepts and terms

Question 1

What are three other names for the Gastrointestinal system?

Answer 1

gut
alimentary canal
gastrointestinal tract

Question 2

approx. how many feet is the GI tract?

Answer 2

30 feet

Question 3

in order from beginning to end, what organs are connected to the gut?

Answer 3

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon (rectum and anus)

Question 4

what are some accessory organs to the GI tract?

Answer 4

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

Question 5

what are three main functions of the system?

Answer 5

digesting food, absorption nutrients, and eliminating waste

Question 6

describe how food is ingested

Answer 6

teeth manually break down food
our muscular tongue moves food around and mixes it with saliva which has digestive enzymes and lubricates it in preparation for moving down to our esophagus

Question 7

what portions is our palate divided into?

Answer 7

hard bony palate anteriorly

soft palate flexible posteriorly

Question 8

what two functions does our uvula allow for?

Answer 8

speech production and is the location of our gag reflex

Question 9

what two portions of the pharynx is food entered through?

Answer 9

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 10

what prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?

Answer 10

epiglottis

Question 11

what are the wave-like contractions that propel food along the esophagus called?

Answer 11

peristalsis

Question 12

what is the stomach filled with that allows for digestion of food?

Answer 12

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

Question 13

when the food mixes with HCI, what does it form?

Answer 13

chyme (watery mix of food and digestive juices)

Question 14

what is wavy tissue that the stomach is lined with and what does it allow for?

Answer 14

rugae is folds of tissue that allow for stomach to be able to stretch out

Question 15

what are the names of the three regions of the stomach?

Answer 15

fundus (top)
body (middle)
antrum (bottom)

Question 16

what are the names of the two sphincters of the stomach called and what do they allow for?

Answer 16

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter - keeps food from backing up into the esophagus 
pyloric sphincter - allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine

Question 17

what part of the GI tract is longest?

Answer 17

small intestine (20 feet)

Question 18

where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

Answer 18

small intestine

Question 19

what are the three regions of the small intestine called?

Answer 19

duodenum (first section
jejunum (second)
ileum (third)

Question 20

what are the four regions of the colon called?

Answer 20

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

Question 21

what do salivary glands produce?

Answer 21

saliva

Question 22

what is the mixture of saliva and food called?

Answer 22

bolus

Question 23

what does saliva contain and how does it help digestion?

Answer 23

enzyme called amylase begins to digest carbohydrates

Question 24

what thee salivary glands located and called?

Answer 24

parotid gland (in front of ears)
submandibular glands (floor of mouth)
sublingual glands (floor of mouth)

Question 25

what does the liver secrete and what does it break down?

Answer 25

bile - fats and lipids in process called emulsification

Question 26

what functions does the liver serve?

Answer 26

processing nutrients from intestines, detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile

Question 27

what does the gallbladder secrete?

Answer 27

bile produced from the liver

Question 28

what two secretions does the pancreas offer and what do they each do?

Answer 28

buffers - neutralize acidic chyme | enzymes - digest carbs, lipids, and proteins

Question 29

define orthodontics

Answer 29

orth/o - straight odont/o - tooth branch of dentistry concerned with tooth alignment

Question 30

define proctology

Answer 30

proct/o - anus and rectum -logy - study of branch of medicine to do with anus and rectum

Question 31

define aphagia

Answer 31

a - without phagia - eating unable to swallow or eat

Question 32

define dentalgia

Answer 32

dent - dental -algia - pain having dental pain

Question 33

define cholecystalgia

Answer 33

cholycysto - gallbladder -algia - pain pain of the gallbladder

Question 34

bradypepsia

Answer 34

brady - slow pepsia - degestion having a slow digestive system

Question 35

define cachexia

Answer 35

chronic weight loss

Question 36

ascites

Answer 36

accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

Question 37

dyspepsia

Answer 37

dys - difficult pepsia - digestion indigestion or upset stomach

Question 38

dysphagia

Answer 38

dys - difficult phagia - eating having difficulty eating or swallowing

Question 39

dysorexia

Answer 39

dys - abnormal orexia - appetite having abnormal appetite

Question 40

gastralgia

Answer 40

gastr/o - stomach -algai - pain stomach pain

Question 41

hematemesis

Answer 41

hemat/o - blood -emesis - vomiting vomiting blood

Question 42

hyperemesis

Answer 42

hyper - excessive -emesis - vomiting excessive vomiting

Question 43

polyphagia

Answer 43

poly - many (excessive) phagia - eating excessive eating

Question 44

aphthous ulcers

Answer 44

canker sores (mouth ulcers)

Question 45

sialadinitis

Answer 45

inflammation of salivary gland

Question 46

gingivitis

Answer 46

gingiva - gums -itis - inflammation inflammation of the gums

Question 47

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Answer 47

acid from stomach flows back up the esophagus causing inflammation and pain

Question 48

pharyngoplegia

Answer 48

pharyngo - throat -plegia - paralysis paralysis of throat muscles

Question 49

enteritis

Answer 49

enter/o - small intestine -itis - inflammation inflammation of small intestine

Question 50

gastritis

Answer 50

gastr/o - stomach | -itis - inflammation

Question 51

hiatal hernia

Answer 51

protrusion of stomach through the diaphragm

Question 52

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Answer 52

ulcer in lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum

Question 53

anal fistula

Answer 53

passageway into rectum created by a fissure

Question 54

explain the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis

Answer 54

diverticulosis is the condition of having diverticula | diverticulitis is the inflammation of the diverticulum

Question 55

inguinal hernia

Answer 55

when portion of colon protrudes through muscles and into groin region

Question 56

instussception

Answer 56

part of intestine folds into itself like a professional camera lens

Question 57

volvulus

Answer 57

bowel twists itself causing obstruction

Question 58

colonoscopy

Answer 58

colon - colon scopy - viewing inside procedure to view inside the colon

Question 59

hepatitis

Answer 59

hepat/o - liver | -itis - inflammation

Question 60

cholecystitis

Answer 60

cholecyst/o- gallbladder | -itis - inflammation

Question 61

hepatoma

Answer 61

hepat/o - liver | -oma - tumor

Question 62

cholelithiasis

Answer 62

chol/e - bile, gall -lithiasis - stone gallstones