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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Chapter 11 Intro. Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Intro. Nervous System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

°Controls our perception and experience of the world.
° Directs voluntary movement.
° Seat of consciousness, personality learning, and memory.
° Regulate homeostasis.

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2
Q

2 divisions of the Nervous system
What are they?

A

°CNS - central nervous system
°PNS - peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

CNS are what parts of the body?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS are what parts of the body?

A

Consist of all nerves in the body
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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5
Q

Functions of the nervous system
(3 functions)

A

°Sensory function (PNS)
°Integrative functions (CNS)
°Motor functions

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6
Q

Sensory function (PNS)

A

°Sensory receptors gather info. about internal & external environment
°Afferent division carries info to CNS

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7
Q

Integrative functions (CNS)

A

Analyze and interpret incoming sensory info. and determines response

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8
Q

Motor functions

A

°action performed in response to integration
°efferent division carries info away from CNS

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9
Q

efferent division
(2 types of nervous systems)

A

carries info away from CNS
°Somatic nervous system
°Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Carries info. to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Carries info. to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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12
Q

Afferent division

A

Carries info to CNS

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13
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells that are responsible for receiving and sending signals in the form of action potentials

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14
Q

Structure of neurons

A

°cell body
°dendrites
°axon

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15
Q

Structure of neurons
Cell body (soma) :

A

°nucleus
°cytoplasm with organelles

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16
Q

Structure of neurons
Dendrites:

A

Processes that receive info from other neurons, conduct impulse towards soma

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17
Q

Structure of neurons
Axon:

A

A processes that is a nerve fiber that conducts impulse away from soma

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18
Q

Processes

A

Cytoplasic extensions
Dendrites and axon

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19
Q

Structural neurons
(3 of them)

A

°Multipolar neurons
°Bipolar neurons
°Unipolar neurons

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20
Q

Structural neurons
Multipolar neurons:

A

(motor)
Single axon with multiple dendrites

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21
Q

Structural neurons
Bipolar neurons:

A

(Sensory)
One axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them.

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22
Q

Structural neurons
Unipolar neurons:

A

(Sensory)
Has only one fused axon that extends from the cell body and divides into 2 processes.

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23
Q

Functional neurons
(3 of them)

A

°Sensory
°Interneurons
°Motor

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24
Q

Functional neurons
Sensory neurons

A

(Afferent neurons)
Carries info towards CNS, they are Unipolar neurons and Bipolar neurons

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25
Functional neurons Interneurons
(Association neurons) Relay info within CNS between sensory neurons and motor neurons, makes up most of the neurons in the body are Multipolar neurons
26
Functional neurons Motor neurons
(Efferent neurons) Carries info away from cell body in CNS to muscles and glands they are Multipolar neurons
27
CNS
Central nervous system °Nuclei- cluster of neuron cell bodies °tracts- bundle of axons
28
PNS
Peripheral nervous system °ganglia- cluster of neuron cell bodies °nerves- bundle of axons
29
Neuroglia
Supports and protects the neurons, maintains their environment and divides, and fills any spaces left by dead neurons
30
The 4 neuroglia of the CNS:
°Astrocytes °Oligodendrocytes °Microglia °Ependymal cells
31
Neuroglia CNS Astrocytes
Large star shaped cells That transport nutrients and gases from blood vessels to neurons, creates the blood brain barrier (BBB)
32
Neuroglia CNS Oligodendrocytes
Create myelin in the CNS
33
Neuroglia CNS Microglia
When damaged turns into phagocytic cells
34
Neuroglia CNS Ependymal cells
Ciliated cells that produce and distribute cerebral spinal fluid
35
The 2 neuroglia of the PNS:
°Schwann cells °Satillite cells
36
Neuroglia PNS Schwann cells
Creat myelin in PNS
37
Neuroglia PNS Satellite cells
Supportive functions
38
Myelin
Made out of repeating layers of phospholipid plasma membrane, used for insulation of axon
39
Nodes of Ranvier
Spaces between the myelin sheath
40
White mater
Myelinated axons
41
Gray matter
Unmyelinated axon
42
Local potential
(Graded potential) Travel short distance
43
Action potential
Travels the full length of an axon Can cause maximum depolarization It either happens or not doesn't Doesn't depend on strength, frequency, or length of stimulus like local potentials.
44
Ion channels
Ions pass through specific protein channels for diffusion
45
Resting Membrane potential (RMP)
-70mV
46
Electrochemical gradient
Determines diffusion of ions across the plasma membrane
47
Electrical gradient
°Positive outside plasma membrane °Negative inside plasma membrane
48
Chemical gradient
°Na+ (sodium) outside plasma membrane °K+ (potassium) inside plasma membrane
49
Ion movements (3 of them)
°Depolarization °Repolarization °Hyperpolarization
50
Ion movements Depolarization
The movement of Na+ (sodium) across the plasma membrane into the cell. Membrane potential becomes more positive.
51
Ion movements Repolarization
Movement of K+ (Potassium) across the plasma membrane out of the cell. Membrane potential becomes negative, returning to MRP.
52
Ion movements Hyperpolarization
To much K+ (potassium) exits the cell, making the membrane potential more negative past the RMP
53
Refractory
Period of time after neuron has generated an action potential, when neuron cannot be stimulated to generate another action potential.
54
Conduction speed
Influenced by both axon diameter and presence or absence of myelination
55
2 types of conduction.
Saltatory conduction Continuous conduction
56
Saltatory conduction
Myelinated axons Increase speed of conduction, exhibit jumping
57
Continuous conduction
Unmyelinated axon, slower
58
Neuronal synapse
Where a neuron meets its target cell.
59
Most synapse are...
Chemical
60
Postsynaptic potentials
Can be excitatory or inhibitory
61
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
(EPSP) Membrane potential moves closer to threshold.
62
Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials
(IPSP) Membrane potential moves further away from threshold.
63
Neutral integration
Process in which postsynaptic neuron integrates all incoming information into a single effect.
64
Neurotransmitters (5 types)
°Ach °adrenaline °dopamine °serotonin °GABA
65
Neurotransmitters Ach
Acetylecholine Works at cholinergic synapse (Excitability)
66
Neurotransmitters Adrenaline
Works at adrenergic synapse
67
Neurotransmitters Dopamine
Lack of it causes Parkinson disease
68
Neurotransmitters Serotonin
Lack of it causes depression.
69
Neurotransmitters GABA
An inhibitor Lack of it leads to anxiety.
70
Neural circuits
Patterns of semantic connections between neural pools.
71
Diverging, circuits.
One neuron sends impulses to multiple post synaptic neurons.
72
Converging circuits.
Axon terminals from multiple neurons converge onto a single postsynaptic neuron

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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