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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Week 3 Cells > Flashcards

Week 3 Cells Flashcards

(125 cards)

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1
Q

Basic processes of cells
(there are 4)

A
  1. Cell metabolism
  2. Transport
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction
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2
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Cell metabolism

A

Chemical reactions the cell carries out in order to maintain life

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3
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Transport

A

The transporting of anything ingested or produced by the cell to a variety of locations

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4
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Communication

A

Cells communicate with one another or the environment

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5
Q

Basic processes of cells:
Reproduction

A

Cells reproduce in order to grow they replace old or damaged cells

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6
Q

3 basic components of animal cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane - outer wall
  2. Cytoplasm - everything between the plasma membrane and Nucleus
  3. Nucleus - brain/ control center
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7
Q

Plasma Membrane
Function

A

Gives the cell its structural support, helps it to communicate, and to be identified as a cell.
Separates intercellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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8
Q

Cytoplasm
(Made of 3 things)

A

Cytosol - Intercellular Fluid (ICF)
Organelles - structures within the cell
Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments

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9
Q

Nucleus
(What is in it, and what does it make?)

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Makes RNA - ribonucleic acid

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10
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is made of?

A

Phosphate head that is hydrophilic and is polar (loves water)
Two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and non-polar (hate water)
Glycerol backbone

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11
Q

Membrane proteins
(7 of them)

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Enzymes
  3. Structural support
  4. Link
  5. Cholesterol
  6. Glycolipids
  7. Gylcoprotiens
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12
Q

Membrane proteins:
Receptors

A

Bind to chemical messengers (ligands) to trigger events within the cell

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13
Q

Ligands

A

Chemical messengers that bind to receptors on the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Membrane proteins:
Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions

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15
Q

Membrane proteins:
Structural support

A

Gives the cell its shape

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16
Q

Membrane proteins:
Link

A

Holds cells adjacent to one another with tissue allowing them to communicate

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17
Q

Membrane proteins:
Cholesterol

A

A lipid molecule that stabilizes plasma membrane fluid structure during temperature changes

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18
Q

Membrane proteins:
Glycolipids and Glycoprotiens

A

Help identify the cell as part of the body

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19
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable substances get across by?
(2 ways)

A
  1. Passive transport -
    no ATP (energy required)
  2. Active transport -
    ATP (energy required)
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20
Q

Passive transport
(3 types)

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Concentration gradient
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21
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solute molecules from high concentration to low concentration

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22
Q

There are 2 types of diffusion

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
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23
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Non-polar solutes pass through the phospholipid bilayer without the need for a membrane protein

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Polar solutes cross the phospholipid bilayer with the help of a carrier or channel

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25
Osmosis
The movement of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water
26
Osmotic pressure
Water pressure Driving force exerted by solute molecules causes water molecules to move until equilibrium is reached
27
Tonicity
Way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between 2 solutions. Cytosol and ECF (extracellular fluid)
28
Hypertonic ECF
Solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. Cell shrinks in size.
29
Hypotonic ECF
Solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell. Cell takes in water and expands.
30
Isotonic ECF
Concentration is equal both outside and inside the cell. Cell stays the same size.
31
Solution
Solute + Solvent
32
Solute
That is being dissolved Ex. Salt
33
Solvent
What is doing the dissolving Ex. Water
34
Crenates
Water gets pulled out of cell and cell shrinks.
35
Lyse
Cell ruptures because water is being pulled into the cell swelling it.
36
Active transport
Requires ATP (energy) to proceed solutes that move through the cell.
37
Vesicles
Small sacs filled with large molecules Enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer. Requires ATP Allows macromolecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
38
Endocytosis ( 5 of them)
Entering the cell 1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis 4. Exocytosis 5. Transcytosis
39
Phagocytosis
Cell eating Process where cells ingest large particles like bacteria or dead damaged cells or parts of cells
40
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking Process wear cells ingulf fluid droplets from ECF.
41
Receptor- mediated endocytosis
Uses receptors to fill vesicles with a specific molecule.
42
Excocytosis
Large molecules exit cells. Also known as secretion
43
Transcytosis
Molecules are brought into the cell by endocytosis. Transported across the cell to the opposite side and then secreted by exocytosis.
44
Cytoplasmic organelles: (6 of them)
1. Mitochondria 2. Peroxisomes 3. Ribosomes 4. Endoplasmic reticulum 5. Golgi apparatus 6. Lysomes
45
Organelles Function
Cellular structures with specific functions vital to maintaining homeostasis.
46
Mitochondria
Power plant of cell Membrane-bound organelles involved in chemical energy production. Provides majority of ATP used in cell.
47
Peroxisomes
Detoxify Makes hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Oxidizes toxic chemicals into less toxic molecules that can then be expelled by the body
48
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
49
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Large folded phospholipid bilayer exist in 2 forms, Rough (RER) Has ribosomes attached Smooth (SER) doesn't have ribosomes attached.
50
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Packages proteins into transport vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer.
51
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Stores calcium Detoxifies Lipid synthesis
52
Golgi apparatus
Group of flatten membranous sacs filled with enzymes and other molecules. Proteins and lipids made by ER are further modified, sorted, and package for export in the golgi.
53
Lysosomes
Organelles responsible for digestion of worn-out cell components or whole cells. Contains acid hydrolyses (digestive enzyme) that break down macromolecules that can be disposed of by cytosol or reused to create other macromolecules
54
Cytoskeleton What does it do for the cell?
Gives the cell its shape, support, movement, and strength
55
Centrosome/ Centrioles
Microtubule-organization center located close to the nucleus Critical for cell division
56
Cellular Extensions (There are 3 of them)
Formed by cytoskeleton Microvilli Cilia Flagella
57
Microvilli
Increase surface area Finger like extensions of plasma membrane
58
Cilia
Sweepers Hair like projections that stick out of the cell and help it to move
59
Flagella
The sperms tail helps it to move by doing a whipping motion
60
Nucleus Function
Direct activities of other cellular components.
61
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains codes for nearly every protein in the body
62
Genes (Loacation and function)
Are within DNA direct different types of RNA to build a wide variety of proteins.
63
Nucleus Envelope
Surrounds the nucleus and has pores in which mRNA exits the nucleus.
64
Chromatin
One long DNA molecule and histone proteins.
65
Chromosome
Chromatin threads coiled tightly and condensed into a thick structure Humans have 46 chromosomes and 23 chromosome pairs
66
Sister chromatids
Each chromosome consists of identical copies.
67
Gene expression
Production of protein from specific gene.
68
Transcription
DNA is copied, creating mRNA (messenger RNA) happens in the nucleus
69
Translation
mRNA binds with ribosomes initiating synthesi of a protein. Happens outside the nucleus.
70
Order of protein synthesis. (5 steps)
DNA transcription mRNA translation protein
71
Mutation
Changes in DNA due to a mistake in copying DNA or induced by agents called mutagens
72
The cell cycle
An ordered series of events from formation of cell to its reproduction by cell division.
73
Phases of the cell cycle
Interphase Mitosis Meiosis
74
Interphase (Phases 4)
A period of growth and preparation for cell division. G0 Non dividing phase G1(1st gap) S phase (synthesis) G2 (2nd gap)
75
G1(1st gap)
Cell performs normal daily metabolic activities. Organelles reproduce, and cells grow in size.
76
S phase (synthesis)
DNA synthesis (replication) occurs.
77
G2 (2nd gap)
Cell growth and proteins required for cell division are produced. Spindles and structures needed for cell division are made.
78
Interphase function
Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus Centriole pairs and duplicate Nucleus is visible
79
Mitosis When does it occur?
Occurs when newly replicated genetic material is divided between two daughter cells
80
Cytokinesis When does it occur?
Occurs when the cells proteins, organelles, and cytosol are divided between 2 daughter cells.
81
Mitosis phases (4 phases)
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
82
Prophase
Chromatin compacts and becomes chromosomes Nuclear envelope begins to break apart
83
Metaphase
Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell
84
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards the opposite side of the cell by spindle fibers Cytokinesis may begin
85
Telophase
Cells split apart as cleavage furrow forms Nuclear envelope forms Chromosome uncoli and become chromatin
86
What kind of cells are used in mitosis? how many are made? How many divisions? Diploid/ Haploid? How many chromosomes?
Somatic cells 2 cells are made Has 1 division Diploid cells 2n (2 pairs of 23 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes in total)
87
What kind of cells are used in meiosis? how many are made? How many divisions? Diploid/ Haploid? How many chromosomes?
Diploid cells become haploid cells, aka gamete cells (sex cells) 4 cells are made Has 2 divisions Haploid cells n (one set of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes)
88
Conditions needed for cell division (4 Conditions)
1. There must be enough nutrients available. 2. Growth factors are secreted by other cells. 3. Density of cells in tissue (need room to divide, no room no divison) 4. Cells must be anchored (free floating cells will not divide)
89
Apoptosis
Cell death If cells can not pass through checkpoints and can not be repaired.
90
Tumor
Growth or mass that is caused by changes in dna, that causes loss of cell cycle control.
91
Benign tumor
Confine to one location and does not invade the surrounding tissue. Is usually non-cancerous.
92
Malignant tumor
Made up of cancer cells, it can divide and metastasis.
93
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells to different parts of the body.
94
G0
Non replication part of interphase
95
Spermatogenesis
Meiosis in males Creates 4 sperm cells (gamete)
96
Oogenesis
Creates 4 eggs in females 1 ovum (egg) 3 non-functional polar
97
Zygote
Sperm and egg come together (fertilization)
98
4 main tissue types
1. Epithelial 2. Muscle 3. Connective tissue 4. Nerve
99
Epithelial Tissue (6 types of tissues)
1. Simple Squamous 2. Simple cuboidal 3. Simple columnar 4. Stratified Squamous 5. Pseudostartified ciliated columnar 6. Transitional
100
Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue
One layer thick Is flatten Found in lungs
101
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Single layer Cube shape Found in kidneys Function: absorption and secretion
102
Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Single row of column Rectangle shape Found in the villi of small intestines
103
Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue
Many layers on top of each other Found in the esophagus
104
Pseudostartified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial (PSCCE)
False stratified All cells touch the membrane, but not all reach outer or inner edge. Cilia is present on top Found in monkey trachea
105
Transitional Epithelial Tissue
Multiple layers Cells are rounded When urinary bladder is distended, cells flatten out to commendate the stretch of filling of U.B. Found in urinary bladder
106
Connective tissue (There are 2)
Adipose connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue
107
Adipose Connective Tissue
Round white fat cells have the nucleus to the side. Function to provide protection cushion and insulation. Found in the hypodermis of the skin, heart, and kidneys
108
Dense irregular connective tissue.
Flexible support contains collagen and elastic fibers Ex. skin.
109
Integumentary system (2 Layers)
Epidermis Dermis
110
Epidermis (5 specific cell layers)
1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale
111
Stratum corneum
Outer most layer of epidermis, mostly dead skin cells, used for protection.
112
Stratum lucidum
Thick skin only on palms and soles of feet is a clear white layer.
113
Stratum granulosum
Contains granule, dark color line
114
Stratum spinosum
Limited mitosis
115
Stratum basale
Innermost layer of epidermis. Mitosis occurs Cells work their way up to outer most layer.
116
Dermis Tissue type
Dense irregular connective tissue.
117
Dermis 2 specific layers.
Papillary layer Reticular layer
118
Papillary layer
Peg, like projections, extended into epidermis. Abundant capillaries. The structure of bumps gives it more surface area and is harder to tear.
119
Reticular layer
More dense fibers. Many arteries veins, glands and scents receptors.
120
Sudoriferous
Sweat Glands
121
Arrector pili muscle
Attached to hair follicle
122
Hypodermis Tissue type
Adipose Tissue
123
Sebaceous Glands
microscopic glands found in your hair follicles that secrete sebum.
124
Sweat Glands
Sudoriferous
125
Pacinian corpuscles
are sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure and are essential for proprioception (perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body)

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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