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Bio 103 A & P 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system

A

°bones
°joints
°supporting tissue

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2
Q

Bones are?

A

Organs of the skeletal system made of osseous tissue and dense regular & irregular CT, and bone marrow

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3
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
(6 functions)

A

°Protect
°storage
°red blood cell formation
°fat storage
°movement
°support

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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
Protect

A

To Protect vital organs

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5
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
Storage

A

Mineral storage and acid base homeostasis

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6
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
Red blood cell production

A

Produce red-blood cells in the red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)

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7
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
Fat storage

A

Storeing fat in the yellow bone marrow (medullary cavity)

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8
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
Movement

A

Muscles attach to bone to create movement

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9
Q

Functions of the skeletal system
Support

A

Supports the weight of the body and its structural framework

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10
Q

Shapes of bones:
(5 of them)

A

°long bones
°short bones
°flat bones
°irregular bones
°sesamoid bones

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11
Q

Shapes of bones:
long bones

A

°long and skinny
°most bones in arms and legs

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12
Q

Shapes of bones:
short bones

A

°roughly cube shaped
° carpals and tarsals

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13
Q

Shapes of bones:
flat bones

A

°thin and broad
°ribs, pelvis, sternum, and flat bones of skull

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14
Q

Shapes of bones:
Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and certain skull bones

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15
Q

Shapes of bones: sesamoid bones

A

°located within tendons
°patella (kneecap)

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16
Q

Bone structure of long bone

A

°Diaphysis (shaft)
°Epiphysis (ends)
°Marrow cavity (contains bone marrow)

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17
Q

Compact bone

A

°hard, dense outer region
(found in diaphysis)
°allows bones to resist stress (compression and twisting)

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18
Q

Spongy bone

A

(Cancellous)
°found inside the epiphysis
°resist forces from many directions
°honeycomb like frame work

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19
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

° Separates epiphysis from diaphysis
°remnants of epiphyseal plates

20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

(Growth plates)
Hyaline cartilage found in developing bones of children

21
Q

Extracellular matrix of the bone is made up of?

A

Inorganic matrix and organic matrix.

22
Q

Extracellular Matrix of bone:
Inorganic matrix

A

65%
Consisting of minerals
(makes bones hard)
Hydroxyapatite salts of Ca & P

23
Q

Extracellular Matrix of bone:
Organic matrix

A

35%
Osteoid
Consist of collagen fibers and usually ECM. (Gives flexibility)

24
Q

Bone cells:
(4 of them)

A

°osteogenic
(differentiate into osteoblast)
°osteoblast
Bone building
°osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae
°osteoclasts
Bone resorption
Secrete enzymes and acids

25
Q

Structure of compact bone:
Osteon
(haversian system)

A

°lamellae (rings)
°central canal
(blood vessels and nerves)
°lacunae (space of osteocytes)
°canaliculi (little canals)
°volkmans canal
(blood vessels and nerves that go perpendicular to central canals)

26
Q

Structure of spongy bone

A

°not wt. Bearing
°not organized into osteons
°trabeculae

27
Q

Ossification (osteogensis)

A

° Process of bone formation.
° Begins in embryonic period and continues throughout adulthood.

28
Q

Intramembranous ossificatio

A

°forms many flat bones
(bones of skull and clavicles)
°formed within a mesenchymal membrane
Spongy bone ossifies before outer compact bone layers
°forms primary ossification center
°Fotanels areas of incomplete Intramembranous ossification

29
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

°Bone development for all bones below head except Clavicles
°Many bones complete ossification by age 7

30
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

°bones begin within hyaline Cartilage template
°Hyaline cartilage model made of chondrocytes, collagen and ECM surrounded by CT perichondrium
°Cartilage breaks down
°Collar formation (periosteum )
°primary ossification center mid-diaphysis
°secondary ossification centers at epiphy seal ends
°Most bones of skeleton formed this way.

31
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bone growth in width

32
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

°secreted by anterior pituitary gland
°enhances protein synthesis and cell division in most all tissues, including bone

33
Q

Testosterone

A

°pronounced effect on bone growth:
- Increases appositional growth in males
- Increases rate of mitosis in epiphyseal plate; leads to “growth spurts “ in teenage

34
Q

Estrogen also plays a role in bone growth:

A

⁃ Increases the rate of longitudinal growth and inhibits osteoclasts
°Accelerates closure of epiphyseal plate at a much faster rate than testosterone
> average height differences between genders

35
Q

Bone remodeling

A

new bone is formed by bone deposition, and old bone is removed by bone resorption
°Maintenance Replacement of calcium ion homeostasis
°Adaptation to tension and stress
°Adaptation to tension n stress

36
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland)

A

°stimulates effects that increase blood Ca+2 levels
° Increases osteoclast activity
○ Increases absorption of calcium from gut
o Inhibits calcium /oss in urine

37
Q

Calcitonin (from thyroid gland)

A

°causes decreased blood Ca+2 levels
o Inhibits osteoclasts
○ Increases calcium loss in urine

38
Q

Fractures:

A

°Simple
°compound
°spiral
°compression
°comminuted
°avulsion
°greenstick
°epiphyseal plate

39
Q

Fractures:
Simple

A

Break inside body

40
Q

Fractures:
Compound

A

Bone breaks skin

41
Q

Fractures:
Spiral

A

Break in twisting factor

42
Q

Fractures:
Compression

A

Force breaks or impact breaks bone

43
Q

Fractures:
Comminuted

A

Shattered bone

44
Q

Fractures:
Avulsion

A

Piece of bone breaks off the bone

45
Q

Fractures:
Greenstick

A

Bone doesn’t break all the way through, most common in children because bones are soft and flexible

46
Q

Fractures:
Epiphyseal plate

A

Cartilage breaks (most common in children)

Bio 103 A & P 1 (12 decks)

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