Chapter 6

Question 1

Skeletal system

Answer 1

°bones
°joints
°supporting tissue

Question 2

Bones are?

Answer 2

Organs of the skeletal system made of osseous tissue and dense regular & irregular CT, and bone marrow

Question 3

Functions of the skeletal system
(6 functions)

Answer 3

°Protect
°storage
°red blood cell formation
°fat storage
°movement
°support

Question 4

Functions of the skeletal system
Protect

Answer 4

To Protect vital organs

Question 5

Functions of the skeletal system
Storage

Answer 5

Mineral storage and acid base homeostasis

Question 6

Functions of the skeletal system
Red blood cell production

Answer 6

Produce red-blood cells in the red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)

Question 7

Functions of the skeletal system
Fat storage

Answer 7

Storeing fat in the yellow bone marrow (medullary cavity)

Question 8

Functions of the skeletal system
Movement

Answer 8

Muscles attach to bone to create movement

Question 9

Functions of the skeletal system
Support

Answer 9

Supports the weight of the body and its structural framework

Question 10

Shapes of bones:
(5 of them)

Answer 10

°long bones
°short bones
°flat bones
°irregular bones
°sesamoid bones

Question 11

Shapes of bones:
long bones

Answer 11

°long and skinny
°most bones in arms and legs

Question 12

Shapes of bones:
short bones

Answer 12

°roughly cube shaped
° carpals and tarsals

Question 13

Shapes of bones:
flat bones

Answer 13

°thin and broad
°ribs, pelvis, sternum, and flat bones of skull

Question 14

Shapes of bones:
Irregular bones

Answer 14

Vertebrae and certain skull bones

Question 15

Shapes of bones: sesamoid bones

Answer 15

°located within tendons
°patella (kneecap)

Question 16

Bone structure of long bone

Answer 16

°Diaphysis (shaft)
°Epiphysis (ends)
°Marrow cavity (contains bone marrow)

Question 17

Compact bone

Answer 17

°hard, dense outer region
(found in diaphysis)
°allows bones to resist stress (compression and twisting)

Question 18

Spongy bone

Answer 18

(Cancellous)
°found inside the epiphysis
°resist forces from many directions
°honeycomb like frame work

Question 19

Epiphyseal lines

Answer 19

° Separates epiphysis from diaphysis
°remnants of epiphyseal plates

Question 20

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 20

(Growth plates)
Hyaline cartilage found in developing bones of children

Question 21

Extracellular matrix of the bone is made up of?

Answer 21

Inorganic matrix and organic matrix.

Question 22

Extracellular Matrix of bone:
Inorganic matrix

Answer 22

65%
Consisting of minerals
(makes bones hard)
Hydroxyapatite salts of Ca & P

Question 23

Extracellular Matrix of bone:
Organic matrix

Answer 23

35%
Osteoid
Consist of collagen fibers and usually ECM. (Gives flexibility)

Question 24

Bone cells:
(4 of them)

Answer 24

°osteogenic
(differentiate into osteoblast)
°osteoblast
Bone building
°osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae
°osteoclasts
Bone resorption
Secrete enzymes and acids

Question 25

Structure of compact bone: Osteon (haversian system)

Answer 25

°lamellae (rings) °central canal (blood vessels and nerves) °lacunae (space of osteocytes) °canaliculi (little canals) °volkmans canal (blood vessels and nerves that go perpendicular to central canals)

Question 26

Structure of spongy bone

Answer 26

°not wt. Bearing °not organized into osteons °trabeculae

Question 27

Ossification (osteogensis)

Answer 27

° Process of bone formation. ° Begins in embryonic period and continues throughout adulthood.

Question 28

Intramembranous ossificatio

Answer 28

°forms many flat bones (bones of skull and clavicles) °formed within a mesenchymal membrane Spongy bone ossifies before outer compact bone layers °forms primary ossification center °Fotanels areas of incomplete Intramembranous ossification

Question 29

Endochondral ossification

Answer 29

°Bone development for all bones below head except Clavicles °Many bones complete ossification by age 7

Question 30

Endochondral ossification

Answer 30

°bones begin within hyaline Cartilage template °Hyaline cartilage model made of chondrocytes, collagen and ECM surrounded by CT perichondrium °Cartilage breaks down °Collar formation (periosteum ) °primary ossification center mid-diaphysis °secondary ossification centers at epiphy seal ends °Most bones of skeleton formed this way.

Question 31

Appositional growth

Answer 31

Bone growth in width

Question 32

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 32

°secreted by anterior pituitary gland °enhances protein synthesis and cell division in most all tissues, including bone

Question 33

Testosterone

Answer 33

°pronounced effect on bone growth: - Increases appositional growth in males - Increases rate of mitosis in epiphyseal plate; leads to "growth spurts " in teenage

Question 34

Estrogen also plays a role in bone growth:

Answer 34

⁃ Increases the rate of longitudinal growth and inhibits osteoclasts °Accelerates closure of epiphyseal plate at a much faster rate than testosterone > average height differences between genders

Question 35

Bone remodeling

Answer 35

new bone is formed by bone deposition, and old bone is removed by bone resorption °Maintenance Replacement of calcium ion homeostasis °Adaptation to tension and stress °Adaptation to tension n stress

Question 36

PTH (parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland)

Answer 36

°stimulates effects that increase blood Ca+2 levels ° Increases osteoclast activity ○ Increases absorption of calcium from gut o Inhibits calcium /oss in urine

Question 37

Calcitonin (from thyroid gland)

Answer 37

°causes decreased blood Ca+2 levels o Inhibits osteoclasts ○ Increases calcium loss in urine

Question 38

Fractures:

Answer 38

°Simple °compound °spiral °compression °comminuted °avulsion °greenstick °epiphyseal plate

Question 39

Fractures: Simple

Answer 39

Break inside body

Question 40

Fractures: Compound

Answer 40

Bone breaks skin

Question 41

Fractures: Spiral

Answer 41

Break in twisting factor

Question 42

Fractures: Compression

Answer 42

Force breaks or impact breaks bone

Question 43

Fractures: Comminuted

Answer 43

Shattered bone

Question 44

Fractures: Avulsion

Answer 44

Piece of bone breaks off the bone

Question 45

Fractures: Greenstick

Answer 45

Bone doesn't break all the way through, most common in children because bones are soft and flexible

Question 46

Fractures: Epiphyseal plate

Answer 46

Cartilage breaks (most common in children)