Chapter 12 Flashcards

Question

Why was Indian National Congress having a hard time before Gandhi?

Answer 1

Most members were middle-class, Western-educated; they had little in common with Indian peasants Gandhi united Indians across class lines

Answer 2

Preached ancient doctrine of ahimsa [nonviolence and reverence] Believed in Henry David Thoreau’s ideas on civil disobedience [refusal to obey unjust laws] Admired Christian teachings on love Influenced by nationalism and democracy Wanted equal rights for all (men and women and untouchables [members of the lowest caste])

Answer 3

Called for boycott of British goods, restoring pride in India’s traditional industries Made spinning wheel a symbol of their movement

Answer 4

British gov required Indians to only buy salt sold by British monopoly In Salt March, Gandhi marched to sea and picked up a lump of salt with other marchers He was promptly jailed, but Indians started collecting and selling salt, leading to arrests of tens of thousands of Indians

Answer 5

Newspapers worldwide criticized British brutality until Britain was forced to hand over power

Answer 6

Sun Yixian Yuan Shikai Warlord Problem and Foreign Imperialism Twenty-One Demands May Fourth Movement Guomindang Jiang Jieshi / Chiang Kai-Shek Northern Expedition Mao Zedong Red bandits Long March Japanese Invasion

Answer 7

Sun Yixian stepped down for Yuan Shikai Yuan tried to set up a new dynasty, but the military didn’t support, dividing the nation Yuan died, leading to greater confusion

Answer 8

Yuan left a power struggle behind with warlords fighting for control

Answer 9

Foreign influence increased during chaos Japan forced Yuan to agree to the Twenty-One Demands At Paris Peace Conference, Japan was given control over former German possessions in China, infuriating Chinese nationalists and sparking May 4

Answer 10

goal was to strengthen China Student protests began in Beijing for science and democracy Reformers rejected Confucian traditions and increased Western influence (like Meiji Japan) Women played a key role in May Fourth Movement and protests, leading to greater opportunities

Answer 11

Sun Yixian formed the Guomindang and accepted aid from Soviet Union and the Chinese Communists

Answer 12

Chinese nationalist party

Answer 13

succeeded Sun Yixian in the Guomindang Wanted to unite the warlords, but had little interest in democracy or communism Northern Expedition Long March + other extermination campaigns

Answer 14

Jiang Jieshi began Northern Expedition with Chinese Communists, but went on to control a gov led by Guomindang without the Communists Massacred Communists, sparking a civil war

Answer 15

Communist who believed they should seek support from large peasant masses He and the Communists redistributed land to peasants and promised reforms

Answer 16

communists in china

Answer 17

retreat of Communists Communists set up in northern China and followed strict rules to make the forces welcome among the peasants, who had suffered at the hands of the Guomindang

Answer 18

Japan invaded Manchuria and added it to Japanese empire Japanese aggression forced Guomindang and Communists to work together Second Sino-Japanese War started: Airplane bombing of many Chinese cities Jiang Jieshi had to set up new capital in Chongqing Rape of Nanjing

Answer 19

liberal reforms zaibatsu ultranationalists The Manchurian Incident renewed Japanese imperialism Emperor Hirohito

Answer 20

Leaned toward to greater democracy, but political parties were manipulated by the zaibatsu Japan’s aggressive expansion started to affect economic relationships, so they started to slow down foreign expansion: Agreed to limit navy Agreed to leave Shandong Reduced military spending

Answer 21

Japan’s powerful business leaders Pushed for policies that favored international trade + own interests in gov

Answer 22

extreme nationalists wanted renewed Japanese expansion

Answer 23

Conservatives, especially military, detested gov corruption and interference from zaibatsu Earthquake hit Tokyo, causing economic dip just as Great Depression hits They condemned gov for agreeing to Western demands to limit expansion Racial policies in US, Canada, Australia shut out Japanese immigrants, causing ultranationalists to be more angry also European empires were much bigger so they were mad that they had to limit theirs

Answer 24

Japanese military blew up Japanese railroad and blamed China, creating an excuse to seize Manchuria Japanese military set up Manzhouguo [puppet state in Manchuria] and brought in Puyi [last Chinese emperor] to head the puppet state Military did all this without consulting the gov When politicians objected, public supported military League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression against China Japan withdrew from League Nullified previous agreements to limit expansion

Answer 25

WWII broke out and joined the Axis Powers [Japan, Germany, Italy] after signing the Tripartite Pact

Answer 26

policy of rigid segregation segregation was stricter after this

Answer 27

African National Congress African Christian churches and African-run newspapers made up ANC wanted equality for black South Africans

Answer 28

Marcus Garvey preached “Africa for Africans” and influenced future African leaders

Answer 29

W.E.B. DuBois organized first Pan-African Congress

Answer 30

They met in Paris where the Allies were discussing Congress tried to get Paris peacemakers to sign a charter of rights

Answer 31

French-speaking writers expressed pride in African culture and protested colonial rule through the négritude movement Further awakened self-confidence among Africans

Answer 32

Senegalese poet Rejected negative views of Africans Played an active role in Senegalese independence Would be Senegal’s first president

Chapter 12 Flashcards

(56 cards)