Chapter 9

Question 1

What was the “White Man’s Burden”?

Answer 1

a poem by Rudyard Kipling
idea that Westerners had a “duty” to better other parts of the world by spreading Western culture

Question 2

motives driving the new imperialism?

Answer 2

economic interests
political interests (prestige)
military interests (bases)
humanitarian and religious interests
Social Darwinism

Question 3

what were the arguments of the anti-imperialists?

Answer 3

Imperialism was a tool for the rich
It was immoral
Pointed out that the Western powers encouraged greater democracy in their own countries, but where forcing undemocratic rule on other ppl

Question 4

What is a colony?

Answer 4

foreign power controls the land

Question 5

what is a protectorate and what were some of its benefits?

Answer 5

the rulers were left in place, but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors

Cost less than a colony
Did not require as much military force as colony

Question 6

what is a sphere of influence?

Answer 6

an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

Question 7

what is direct rule in a colony?

Answer 7

sent officials directly from the country to the colony to supervise
French did this
Goal was to impose their culture on the colonies

Question 8

what is indirect rule in a colony?

Answer 8

Britain did this
Encouraged the children of the local ruling class to pursue education in Britain to westernize them
This westernized generation would spread British culture and would control ruling the colonies for the British
They could still impose military force if control over the colony was threatened

Question 9

What was North Africa like?

Answer 9

Used to be part of Muslim world before 1800
Still some of it belonged to the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800s

Question 10

What was Western Africa like?

Answer 10

Islamic revival spread across Western Africa

Strong states like the Asante had risen
- They traded with Europeans and Muslims
- Controlled many smaller states
- These states were ready to turn to any who might
help them defeat their rulers

Question 11

What was East Africa like?

Answer 11

Islamic influence
Many profitable port cities

Question 12

Southern Africa?

Answer 12

Zulus were a major force and they were lead by Shaka
Zulus faced a major threat from the Boers and this conflict would continue for years

Question 13

who was Shaka and what did he do?

Answer 13

Zulu leader
Waged ruthless wars
Encouraged rival groups to forget their differences and fostered great pride in the Zulu kingdom
This also caused chaos as ppl were dislodged from their kingdoms and had to migrate and conquer other places to set up new kingdoms

Question 14

Who were the Boers?

Answer 14

descendants of Dutch farmers who were migrating north from the Cape Colony
They migrated from Cape Colony when the British took over
Didn’t like British laws like abolishing slavery bc it interfered with their way of life

Question 15

order of african colonization

Answer 15

explorers
missionaries
king leopold II
Berlin Conference

Question 16

Mungo Park?

Answer 16

explorer

Question 17

Richard Burton?

Answer 17

explorer

Question 18

Dr. Livingstone?

Answer 18

Explorer
Met Africans with more sympathy than bias
Opposed slave trade
- He thought the best way to end this was to open up
the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade

Question 19

Henry Stanley?

Answer 19

inspired by Livingstone
Journalist who tracked down Livingstone in Tanzania
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume

Question 20

King Leopold II?

Answer 20

Belgian king
Hired Stanley to explore Congo and arrange treaties
Colonized Congo

Question 21

Berlin Conference?

Answer 21

Leopold’s success in Congo set off frenzy for colonizing Africa
Berlin Conference was held with European leaders so they could divvy up Africa without starting wars against each other

Question 22

What was the Boer War?

Answer 22

Britain clashed with the Boers

United the Cape Colony and the former Boer republics into the Union of South Africa
- New constitution set up government run by whites
and racial segregation

Question 23

Which countries colonized Africa?

Answer 23

Britain
France
Belgium
Portugal
Italy
German empire

Question 24

Samori Touré

Answer 24

Algerian
fought French forces in West Africa

Question 25

Yaa Asantewaa

Answer 25

From the Asante kingdom When their king was exiled, their queen Yaa Asantewaa fought against the British

Question 26

Nehanda

Answer 26

From Shona female military leader was captured and executed but she still inspired many in future generations

Question 27

Which African countries were not colonized?

Answer 27

Ethiopia Liberia

Question 28

Why did Ethiopia survive colonization?

Answer 28

Menelik II modernized his country When the Italians invaded, Ethiopia survived

Question 29

What were the three Muslim empires that were in decline?

Answer 29

Ottomans Mughals Safavids (persia)

Question 30

What di Muhammad Ahmad do?

Answer 30

from Sudan claimed that he was the Mahdi He and his followers resisted British expansion in their area

Question 31

What was the Wahhabi movement?

Answer 31

emerged in Arabia Rejected the Ottomans’ schools of theology and law Wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammad’s (pbuh) original teachings Revolt was put down

Question 32

How did Europeans seek to divvy up the Ottoman empire?

Answer 32

France took Algeria Russia and Britain wanted control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles - Control of these straits would give Russians access to the Mediterranean Sea, which the British perceived as a threat to their own interests

Question 33

Young Turks?

Answer 33

They were a liberal movement that wanted reforms They overthrew the sultan, but World War I happened so they couldn’t enact any reforms

Question 34

What led to the Armenian Genocide?

Answer 34

Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman empire When the Armenians protested against Ottoman policies, the Armenian genocide happened

Question 35

Who was Muhammad Ali?

Answer 35

He was a soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans Conquered neighboring Arabia, Syria, and Sudan He introduced reforms and set Egypt on the path to becoming a major Middle Eastern power before he died

Question 36

What did Ferdinand de Lesseps do?

Answer 36

He organized a company to build the Suez Canal

Question 37

What were the consequences of the Suez Canal?

Answer 37

Europeans powers gained power over the Ottomans by extending loans at high interest rates To pay off their debts, they eventually had to sell their shares of the canal to the British Egypt then became a British protectorate even though it was technically under the Ottoman government

Question 38

Explain the role of European powers in Persia

Answer 38

Russia and Britain set up spheres of influence in Persia - Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia - Britain wanted to protect its interests in India The discovery of oil heightened interest in Persia - Russia and Britain wanted concessions - They sent in troops to protect their interests

Question 39

what are concessions?

Answer 39

[special rights given to foreign powers]

Question 40

What was the sati?

Answer 40

custom practiced mainly by the upper class that called for the widow to join her husband in death by burning in his funeral fire British got rid of it

Question 41

What things did the British do that caused discontent?

Answer 41

East India Company required sepoys [Indian soldiers in their service] to serve anywhere, whether it be in India or overseas For high-caste Hindus, overseas travel was an offense against their religion They passed a law allowing Hindu widows to remarry Viewed as yet another religious offense When the British deployed new rifles, they instructed the sepoys to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles The rifles were greased with animal fat, so Hindus and Muslims refused to do so They were then imprisoned as a result

Question 42

What was the Sepoy Rebellion and what consequences resulted from this?

Answer 42

The Sepoy Rebellion say several sepoys marching off to Delhi, where they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British The British crushed the revolt and took revenge Parliament ended the East India Company and placed India directly under the British crown

Question 43

What caused famines in India after colonization?

Answer 43

Medical improvements and farming improvements caused the population to grow This lead to famine as farmland was used for cash crops instead of food

Question 44

What did Ram Mohun Roy do?

Answer 44

Founded Hindu College in Calcutta, which provided English-style education to Indians Condemned caste distinctions, child marriage, sati, and purdah

Question 45

What was the Indian National Congress?

Answer 45

A class of Western-educated Indians emerged who wanted to end imperial rule in India Nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which was called the Congress party Believed in peaceful protest Looked forward to eventual self-rule and greater democracy

Question 46

What was the Muslim League?

Answer 46

The Muslims in the Indian National Congress split off and formed a separate Muslim state.

Question 47

What led to the First Opium War?

Answer 47

Before the 1800s had strict trade laws that gave them a favorable of trade Then, British started exporting opium to China in exchange for silver, disrupting the economy Chinese government outlawed opium and called on the British to stop the opium trade, leading to the First Opium War Chinese lost due to the British having superior weaponry

Question 48

What was the Treaty of Nanjing and what were its terms?

Answer 48

after the First Opium War Britain received huge indemnity from China They also got Hong Kong Five ports open to foreign trade British citizens were granted extraterritoriality in China

Question 49

Who fought against China in the Second Opium War?

Answer 49

British, French, Russians, and Americans

Question 50

Why were peasants not pleased with the Qing dynasty?

Answer 50

Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to flooding Population explosion lead to hardships Corruption and tax evasion and luxurious spendings from the rich

Question 51

What happened in the Taiping Rebellion?

Answer 51

Led by Hong Xiuquan led to millions of Chineses deaths Taiping rebels controlled China for 14 years With some help, the government crushed the rebellion The Qing government had to share power with regional commanders

Question 52

Why did scholar-officials disapprove of Western ways?

Answer 52

Scholar-officials disapproved of Western missionaries whose emphasis on individual choice challenged the Confucian order Western technology was also viewed as a threat bc it threatened Confucian ways

Question 53

What happened under the self-strengthening movement?

Answer 53

Imported Western technology Developed industrial stuff Translated Western works Government was not really behind the movement, so limited progress

Question 54

order of Chinese imperialism

Answer 54

First Opium War Treaty of Nanjing Second Opium War Taiping Rebellion Self-Strengthening Movement Sino-Japanese War Open Door Policy 100 days of reform Ci Xi Boxer Uprising constitutional monarchy to strengthen Chinese government Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) 3 principles of the ppl

Question 55

Sino-Japanese War?

Answer 55

Japan had already begun to modernize, so Japanese pressure on China led to the Sino-Japanese War Japan won Japan gained control of Taiwan

Question 56

What was the Open Door Policy and what led to it?

Answer 56

policy that kept Chinese trade open to all on an equal basis British, French, and Germans carved out spheres of influence US didn’t take part in the carving bc they feared European powers So, they called for the Open Door Policy

Question 57

100 days of reform?

Answer 57

Chinese reformers blamed conservatives for their defeats Young emperor Guang Xu launched the 100 days of reform Conservatives soon rallied against this effort They imprisoned the emperor, leaving the old empress Ci Xi to rule

Question 58

What was the Boxer Uprising and its consequences?

Answer 58

A secret Chinese group had formed: Righteous Harmonious Fists (the Boxers) Their goal was to drive out foreign influence Boxers attacked foreigners across China Multinational group countered the Boxers China had to make concessions to foreigners again Conservatives finally moved for reform

Question 59

Did Empress Ci Xi support the Boxer Uprising?

Answer 59

Empress Ci Xi initially supported the Boxers, but after their defeat, she withdrew support

Question 60

How did Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) rise to power?

Answer 60

When Ci Xi died, a two year old was left to inherit the throne The Qing dynasty was toppled and Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic Organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on the “Three Principles of the People”

Question 61

What where the 3 principles of the ppl?

Answer 61

Nationalism; free China from foreign domination Democracy Economic security