Chapter 17/18

Question 1

war in sri lanka

Answer 1

Sinhalese Buddhists are majority; led to civil war
made Sinhalese the only language and ended official use of Tamil
Gov support for Buddhism
Excluded Hindu Tamils from power
Ceasefire when gov agreed to negotiate separate Tamil gov

Question 2

tensions in canada

Answer 2

Canada has English majority, so ppl of Quebec felt gov was unfair to them
Some wanted Quebec to be separate gov
Others tried to increase gov support for French
Quebec’s ppl voted to remain in Canada

Question 3

tension in N. Ireland

Answer 3

Ireland won independence from Britain
Six N.ern counties w Protestant majority voted to remain in Britain as N.ern Ireland
Minority Catholics in N.ern Ireland faced discrimination
IRA vs. Protestant militia
Good Friday Agreement, but peace was threatened multiple times after

Question 4

IRA

Answer 4

Irish Republican Army

Question 5

Good Friday Agreement

Answer 5

N. Ireland
Protestants and Catholics signed a peace accord

Question 6

tensions in Azerbaijan

Answer 6

Ethnic Armenians declared independence for region of Nagorno-Karabakh

Question 7

Chechnya

Answer 7

Muslim Chechens wanted independence from Russian control
Russians brutally crushed Chechen revolt
A peace treaty failed, motivating Chechen separatists to take their battle to other parts of Russia
Russians captured Grozny, capital of Chechnya
Some Chechen rebels turned to terrorist attacks

Question 8

tensions in Yugoslavia

Answer 8

Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia
Serbs dominated
Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia declared independence
Croatian independence led to fighting
renamed to Serbia and Montenegro

Question 9

Bosnia

Answer 9

• When Bosnia declared independence, Bosnian Serbs tried to set up their own Yugoslavia-backed gov in Bosnia
• Serbs launched ethnic cleansing campaign against Bosniaks and Croat
• To fight back, Croats did ethnic cleansing against Serbs in Croatia
• NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb military forced them to sign the Dayton Accords

Question 10

tensions in Kosovo

Answer 10

Slobodan Milosevic [Serbian president] oppressed Kosovar Albanians
Peaceful protests + guerilla tactics were used by Albanians
Yugoslav forces attempted ethnic cleansing of Albanians
NATO air strikes forced Yugoslavia to withdraw + placed Albania under UN control

Question 11

ANC

Answer 11

African National Congress

Question 12

Sharpesville massacre + effects

Answer 12

police shot and killed ANC peaceful demonstrators

Gov outlawed ANC and cracked down on apartheid opposition
Pushed ANC to shift from nonviolent struggle to armed struggle

Question 13

Desmond Tutu

Answer 13

won Nobel Peace prize for nonviolent opposition

Question 14

Which S. African president ended Apartheid and freed Mandela?

Answer 14

F. W. de Klerk

Question 15

Hutu vs. Tutsi

Answer 15

the major ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi
Same language, different traditions
Tutsis were the minority, but they dominated gov

Question 16

tensions in Rwanda

Answer 16

Extremist Hutus urged civilians to kill Tutsis + moderate Hutus
France sent in troops after several months of death
UN assisted Rwanda’s rebuilding efforts + held trial for genocide

Question 17

tensions in Burundi

Answer 17

Civil war between Hutus and Tutsis, but no genocide
Lasted longer than Rwanda

Question 18

tensions in Sudan

Answer 18

Arab Muslim north gov vs non-Arab, non-Muslim south
Gov discriminated against other ethnic groups; imposed Islamic law even in non-Muslim areas
Led to civil war
Peace agreement was signed so rebels would stop fighting and S. would get limited self-gov, power in national gov, freedom from Islamic law
Arab militias backed by gov attacked ppl of Darfur [W.ern part of Sudan]
Raised fears of genocide
UN organized effort to aid refugees

Question 19

results of Israel and Egypt peace accord

Answer 19

Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

Question 20

Oslo Accord

Answer 20

Arafat (Palestine) and Yitzhak Rabin (Israel) signed
Israel gave Palestine W. Bank and Gaza
PLO recognized Israel and pledged to stop terrorism against Israel

Question 21

tensions in Lebanon

Answer 21

Arab Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze [related to Islam] were prominent ethnic groups
After Muslim Palestinian refugees entered Lebanon, changing the religious balance and Muslims demanded more power
Christian and Muslim militias launched civil war
Israel invaded S. to stop cross-border attacks
Syria occupied E. to secure borders

Question 22

Iran-Iraq War

Answer 22

Saddam Hussein became dictator of Iraq
After Iran’s Islamic revolution, Hussein took advantage of political turmoil and seized disputed border region, triggering war
Iran opposed the US, so Iraq won US support
Some charged Hussein w genocide against the Kurds

Question 23

Gulf War

Answer 23

Iraq invaded Kuwait for oil control and access to the Persian Gulf
US saw this as a threat to the oil resources of the Persian Gulf
George H. W. Bush launched Gulf War
Bush formed coalition of W.ern and ME.ern nations under UN banner to drive out Iraq
Liberated Kuwait

Question 24

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 24

more interested in economic improvement than political purity (“don’t care about cat” dude)
Four Modernizations led to economic boom

Question 25

Four Modernizations

Answer 25

agriculture, industry, science, defense allowed some features of free market “Responsibility system” [peasants were given plots of farmland; gov took a share, but farmers could sell surplus and keep profits] Led to economic boom

Question 26

problems caused by economic growth in China

Answer 26

Some state-run industries were unprofitable, so some were sold off, but others were kept bc fear of unemployment Rapid urbanization led to impoverished urban dwellers Corruption in gov Health problems

Question 27

Green Revolution

Answer 27

India (Nehru) Only farmers w enough land + money could afford these things Most farmers relied on traditional methods and barely produced enough to survive

Question 28

Mother Teresa

Answer 28

founded Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta to provide food + medical care needed bc the rapid movement to cities caused overcrowded cities that couldn't provide for everyone

Question 29

Import substitution

Answer 29

manufacturing goods locally

Question 30

why was import substitution used and why was this practice discontinued?

Answer 30

In Latin America, they often produced single cash crop or commodity to earn money for imports so import substitution to reduce dependency on imports Many new industries needed gov or foreign help Gradually gave up on import substitution bc high cost

Question 31

Agribusinesses

Answer 31

giant commercial farm Latin America

Question 32

Liberation theology

Answer 32

church-affiliated ppl crusaded for social justice Evangelical Protestant groups won converts among the poor in Latin America

Question 33

OAS

Answer 33

Organization of American States group formed to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights in the Americas

Question 34

Why were conservative dictators in L. America often supported by US

Answer 34

Conservatives often saw reforms as communist threat, so they were supported by US

Question 35

What are the two main motivators for US intervention in Latin America?

Answer 35

Cold War stuff drugs

Question 36

what country did US invade and arrest the president of and why?

Answer 36

US invaded Panama and arrested Manuel Noriega [Panama president] for drug trafficking

Question 37

tensions in Guatemala

Answer 37

Rebels in Guatemala fought series of military regimes Military especially targeted the indigenous population

Question 38

tensions in El Salvador

Answer 38

Reformers challenged El Salvador’s landowning and military elite Archbishop Oscar Romero preached liberation theology until he was killed Brutal civil war until UN-brokered peace + outside aid

Question 39

PRI

Answer 39

Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party has dominated the gov Claimed to represent all groups, however they crush opposition Made some reforms under pressure after corruption, drug scandals, and internal splits

Question 40

Vincente Fox

Answer 40

Mexico after PRI Vincente Fox was elected He worked to end corruption, reduce poverty, spur economic growth, protect the rights of indigenous ppl

Question 41

Argentina timeline

Answer 41

Initially most prosperous Latin American country, but Great Depression led to political and economic turmoil Juan Peron military rule after Juan's death Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo military to restore elections Financial crisis devastated economy, but democracy survived and economy recovered

Question 42

Why did the military restore elections in Argentina?

Answer 42

Failed policies + lost war w Britain over the Falkland Islands forced military to restore elections

Question 43

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

Answer 43

Argentina Military tortured, kidnapped, and killed its own ppl women who marched silently holding pictures of their missing kids at the Plaza de Mayo in the capital

Question 44

Juan Peron

Answer 44

Helped laborers, but suppressed opposition and led to economic turmoil Was ousted in a military coup Military was in and out of power until Peron was re-elected

Question 45

President who launched Gulf War?

Answer 45

George H. W. Bush