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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

natural laws

A

rules discoverable by reason that govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism

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2
Q

Kant

A

First coined the term “Enlightenment”
“The Critique of Pure Reason”
Skeptic of reason, but enthusiastic about Enlightenment

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3
Q

Hobbes

A

“Leviathan”
Ppl are natural cruel and required social contracts
Favored absolute monarchy

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4
Q

Locke

A

“Two Treatises of Government”
Ppl were born good and had natural rights
Rejected absolute monarchy
Thought James II ought to be dethroned
Government has obligations to the people it governs
Popular sovereignty

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5
Q

social contract

A

agreement in which ppl gave up freedom for an organized society

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6
Q

natural rights

A

rights that belonged to all humans from birth; life, liberty, and property

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7
Q

popular sovereignty

A

if it doesn’t fulfill these obligations, the people have the right to overthrow the government

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8
Q

Philosophes

A

Enlightenment thinkers in France

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9
Q

Montesquieu

A

“The Spirit of the Laws”
separation of powers between the judicial, executive, and legislative branches
checks and balances

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10
Q

Voltaire (Francois-Marie)

A

Detested the slave trade
Freedom of speech
“my trade is to say what i think” - Voltaire
Detested religious prejudice
French government and Catholic Church hated him
Exiled and banned/burned his books

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11
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Produced the “Encyclopedia”

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12
Q

Diderot’s Encyclopedia

A

[28-volume set of books with Enlightenment ideas]

Purpose was to change the general way of thinking
French government and Catholic Church tried to ban it
Spread Enlightenment ideas

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13
Q

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

A

“The Social Contract”
Believed that ppl are naturally good and they are corrupted by society, especially the unequal distribution of property
Only governments that had been freely elected should impose controls, but the controls must be limited
Faith in “general will”

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14
Q

“general will”

A

best conscience of the ppl

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15
Q

Which women challenged the philosophes?

A

Germaine de Staël
Catharine Macauly
Mary Wollstonecraft

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16
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

“A Vindication of the Rights of Women”(equal education for boys and girls)
Woman’s first duty is to be a good mother, but a woman should be able to decide what is in her own interest without depending on her husband

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17
Q

physiocrats

A

French thinkers focused on economic reforms

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18
Q

Laissez faire

A

businesses should operate with little to no government interference

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19
Q

mercantilism

A

a government should regulate the market

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20
Q

Adam Smith

A

“The Wealth of Nations”
The free market should regulate business (supply and demand)
Strong supporter of laissez faire
Government has a duty to protect society, justice, and public works.

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21
Q

how did writers avoid censorship?

Study These Flashcards
A

To avoid censorship from the government and Church, writers disguised their ideas in fiction

ex:
montesquieu’s persian letters
voltaire’s candide

22
Q

Montesquieu’s “Persian Letters”

Study These Flashcards
A

two Persian travelers were used to mock French society

23
Q

Voltaire’s “Candide”

Study These Flashcards
A

hero travels in search of “best of all possible worlds”; exposes the corruption of European society

24
Q

salons?

Study These Flashcards
A

informal gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, etc. exchanged ideas
originated from parisian noblewomen reading poetry

25
Mme Geoffrin
Ran one of the most famous salons in her house on Rue St. Honoré
26
baroque
Greco-Roman style Grand, ornate, huge, colorful, full of excitement, Historical battles or religious paintings
27
rococo
Lighter, elegant, charming, more pastel Portraits had rural settings w/ happy servants and pets Believed to encourage imagination
28
how did art change in the enlightenment
baroque to rococo
29
how did music change in the enlightenment
baroque to rococo to classical opera houses sprang up everywhere
30
famous musicians in the enlightenment
Bach Handel Haydn Mozart
31
how did literature change in the enlightenment
Novels gained popularity bc the middle class wanted straightforward prose
32
famous literature of the enlightenment
Daniel Defoe → “Robinson Crusoe” Samuel Richardson → “Pamela”
33
enlightenment despot
absolute rulers who enacted limited Enlightenment reforms
34
King Frederick the Great (Frederick II)
Prussia Saw himself as “first servant of the state”; duty for common good Liked Voltaire’s ideas Reduced torture Free press Religious tolerance Eventually, he desired power and a stronger monarchy
35
Empress Catherine the Great (Catherine II)
Russia Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot Abolished torture Religious tolerance Criticized serfdom Granted a charter of rights for nobles Eventually, she desired power and a stronger monarchy
36
Maria Theresa
Austria Absolute ruler, but considered enlightened despot by some bc she worked to improve peasant life
37
Joseph II
Austria Son of Maria Theresa Traveled in disguise among subjects to better understand their problems Religious tolerance Free press Attempted to bring Catholic Church under royal control Abolished serfdom Sold property of many monasteries that weren’t involved in education or sick ppl treating and gave proceeds to those that did After his death, many of his reforms were canceled
38
Britain became a global power bc
Britain’s location allowed it to control trade Fewer restrictions on trade; favorable climate for business and commerce Generally on the winning side of European Territory close to home as well
39
George III
wanted to recover royal power by: Choose own ministers Dissolve cabinet system Make Parliament follow his will (put his friends in Parliament)
40
Navigation Acts
regulate colonial trade by exporting more than importing
41
Stamp Act
imposed taxes on items like newspapers and pamphlets “No taxation without representation” Parliament repealed Stamp Act
42
Declaratory Act
Britain has complete control over the colonists
43
Tea Act
taxes on tea caused the Boston Tea Party Parliament passed harsh laws to punish Massachusetts for the tea
44
American Revolution Timeline
First Continental Congress was for unity *clap* Battle of Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress makes army and starts Revolution Declaration of Independence French blockade of Chesapeake Bay forced British surrender at Yorktown Two years later, Treaty of Paris ended the war
45
Declaration of Independence uses which Enlightenment ideas
Locke’s natural laws Locke’s popular sovereignty
46
British advantages
More resources (trained fleet and soldiers) ⅓ of colonists were Loyalists and some colonists were fence-sitters Offered freedom to slaves who fought for their side Native American allies
47
American advantages
Better knowledge of terrain; fighting for their land Native American allies French allies after Battle of Saratoga Spanish and Netherlands allies after French allies
48
Articles of Confederation
First Constitution
49
federal republic
power divided between federal and state power
50
Which Enlightenment stuff inspired the Bill of Rights
philosophes

World History (15 decks)

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