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World History > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

natural laws

A

rules discoverable by reason that govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism

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2
Q

Kant

A

First coined the term “Enlightenment”
“The Critique of Pure Reason”
Skeptic of reason, but enthusiastic about Enlightenment

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3
Q

Hobbes

A

“Leviathan”
Ppl are natural cruel and required social contracts
Favored absolute monarchy

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4
Q

Locke

A

“Two Treatises of Government”
Ppl were born good and had natural rights
Rejected absolute monarchy
Thought James II ought to be dethroned
Government has obligations to the people it governs
Popular sovereignty

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5
Q

social contract

A

agreement in which ppl gave up freedom for an organized society

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6
Q

natural rights

A

rights that belonged to all humans from birth; life, liberty, and property

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7
Q

popular sovereignty

A

if it doesn’t fulfill these obligations, the people have the right to overthrow the government

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8
Q

Philosophes

A

Enlightenment thinkers in France

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9
Q

Montesquieu

A

“The Spirit of the Laws”
separation of powers between the judicial, executive, and legislative branches
checks and balances

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10
Q

Voltaire (Francois-Marie)

A

Detested the slave trade
Freedom of speech
“my trade is to say what i think” - Voltaire
Detested religious prejudice
French government and Catholic Church hated him
Exiled and banned/burned his books

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11
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Produced the “Encyclopedia”

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12
Q

Diderot’s Encyclopedia

A

[28-volume set of books with Enlightenment ideas]

Purpose was to change the general way of thinking
French government and Catholic Church tried to ban it
Spread Enlightenment ideas

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13
Q

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

A

“The Social Contract”
Believed that ppl are naturally good and they are corrupted by society, especially the unequal distribution of property
Only governments that had been freely elected should impose controls, but the controls must be limited
Faith in “general will”

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14
Q

“general will”

A

best conscience of the ppl

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15
Q

Which women challenged the philosophes?

A

Germaine de Staël
Catharine Macauly
Mary Wollstonecraft

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16
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

“A Vindication of the Rights of Women”(equal education for boys and girls)
Woman’s first duty is to be a good mother, but a woman should be able to decide what is in her own interest without depending on her husband

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17
Q

physiocrats

A

French thinkers focused on economic reforms

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18
Q

Laissez faire

A

businesses should operate with little to no government interference

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19
Q

mercantilism

A

a government should regulate the market

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20
Q

Adam Smith

A

“The Wealth of Nations”
The free market should regulate business (supply and demand)
Strong supporter of laissez faire
Government has a duty to protect society, justice, and public works.

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21
Q

how did writers avoid censorship?

A

To avoid censorship from the government and Church, writers disguised their ideas in fiction

ex:
montesquieu’s persian letters
voltaire’s candide

22
Q

Montesquieu’s “Persian Letters”

A

two Persian travelers were used to mock French society

23
Q

Voltaire’s “Candide”

A

hero travels in search of “best of all possible worlds”; exposes the corruption of European society

24
Q

salons?

A

informal gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, etc. exchanged ideas
originated from parisian noblewomen reading poetry

25
Q

Mme Geoffrin

A

Ran one of the most famous salons in her house on Rue St. Honoré

26
Q

baroque

A

Greco-Roman style
Grand, ornate, huge, colorful, full of excitement,
Historical battles or religious paintings

27
Q

rococo

A

Lighter, elegant, charming, more pastel
Portraits had rural settings w/ happy servants and pets
Believed to encourage imagination

28
Q

how did art change in the enlightenment

A

baroque to rococo

29
Q

how did music change in the enlightenment

A

baroque to rococo to classical
opera houses sprang up everywhere

30
Q

famous musicians in the enlightenment

A

Bach
Handel
Haydn
Mozart

31
Q

how did literature change in the enlightenment

A

Novels gained popularity bc the middle class wanted straightforward prose

32
Q

famous literature of the enlightenment

A

Daniel Defoe → “Robinson Crusoe”
Samuel Richardson → “Pamela”

33
Q

enlightenment despot

A

absolute rulers who enacted limited Enlightenment reforms

34
Q

King Frederick the Great (Frederick II)

A

Prussia
Saw himself as “first servant of the state”; duty for common good
Liked Voltaire’s ideas
Reduced torture
Free press
Religious tolerance
Eventually, he desired power and a stronger monarchy

35
Q

Empress Catherine the Great (Catherine II)

A

Russia
Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot
Abolished torture
Religious tolerance
Criticized serfdom
Granted a charter of rights for nobles
Eventually, she desired power and a stronger monarchy

36
Q

Maria Theresa

A

Austria
Absolute ruler, but considered enlightened despot by some bc she worked to improve peasant life

37
Q

Joseph II

A

Austria
Son of Maria Theresa
Traveled in disguise among subjects to better understand their problems
Religious tolerance
Free press
Attempted to bring Catholic Church under royal control
Abolished serfdom
Sold property of many monasteries that weren’t involved in education or sick ppl treating and gave proceeds to those that did
After his death, many of his reforms were canceled

38
Q

Britain became a global power bc

A

Britain’s location allowed it to control trade
Fewer restrictions on trade; favorable climate for business and commerce
Generally on the winning side of European
Territory close to home as well

39
Q

George III

A

wanted to recover royal power by:
Choose own ministers
Dissolve cabinet system
Make Parliament follow his will (put his friends in Parliament)

40
Q

Navigation Acts

A

regulate colonial trade by exporting more than importing

41
Q

Stamp Act

A

imposed taxes on items like newspapers and pamphlets

“No taxation without representation”
Parliament repealed Stamp Act

42
Q

Declaratory Act

A

Britain has complete control over the colonists

43
Q

Tea Act

A

taxes on tea

caused the Boston Tea Party
Parliament passed harsh laws to punish Massachusetts for the tea

44
Q

American Revolution Timeline

A

First Continental Congress was for unity clap
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Second Continental Congress makes army and starts Revolution
Declaration of Independence
French blockade of Chesapeake Bay forced British surrender at Yorktown
Two years later, Treaty of Paris ended the war

45
Q

Declaration of Independence uses which Enlightenment ideas

A

Locke’s natural laws
Locke’s popular sovereignty

46
Q

British advantages

A

More resources (trained fleet and soldiers)
⅓ of colonists were Loyalists and some colonists were fence-sitters
Offered freedom to slaves who fought for their side
Native American allies

47
Q

American advantages

A

Better knowledge of terrain; fighting for their land
Native American allies
French allies after Battle of Saratoga
Spanish and Netherlands allies after French allies

48
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

First Constitution

49
Q

federal republic

A

power divided between federal and state power

50
Q

Which Enlightenment stuff inspired the Bill of Rights

A

philosophes

World History (15 decks)

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