chapter 12

Question 1

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

a method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview

Answer 2

self-report

Question 3

a well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

Answer 3

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Question 4

tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli

Answer 4

projective tests

Question 5

a projective technique in which respondents’ inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots

Answer 5

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 6

a projective technique in which respondents’ underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

Answer 6

thematic apperception test (TAT) Henry Murray

Question 7

a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

Answer 7

trait (Gordon Allport)

Question 8

the traits of the five-factor model: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Answer 8

big five

Question 9

an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness — motives that also can produce emotional disorders

Answer 9

psychodynamic approach

Question 10

the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

Answer 10

id

Question 11

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

Answer 11

superego

Question 12

the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands

Answer 12

ego

Question 13

unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

Answer 13

defense mechanisms

Question 14

the human motive toward realizing our inner potential

Answer 14

self-actualizing tendency

Question 15

a school of thought that regards personality as being governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

Answer 15

existential approach

Question 16

an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

Answer 16

social-cognitive approach

Question 17

the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

Answer 17

person-situation controversy

Question 18

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

Answer 18

personal constructs (George Kelly)

Question 19

a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

Answer 19

outcome expectancies

Question 20

a person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

Answer 20

locus of control (Julian Rotter)

Question 21

a person’s explicit knowledge of their own behaviors, traits, and the other personal characteristics

Answer 21

self-concept

Question 22

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

Answer 22

self-verification

Question 23

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

Answer 23

self-esteem

Question 24

people’s tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures

Answer 24

self-serving bias

Question 25

a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self, combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others

Answer 25

narcissism

Question 26

series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their behavior or mental state

Answer 26

self-report

Question 27

standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality

Answer 27

projective techniques

Question 28

respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

Answer 28

thematic apperception test (TAT) Henry Murray

Question 29

uses trait terms to categorize differences among individuals

Answer 29

trait approach to personality

Question 30

items sorted into small dimensions; researchers have argued about how many core factors exist

Answer 30

factor analysis

Question 31

who proposed 16 factor theory

Answer 31

Raymond Cattel

Question 32

who simplified to two major tracks

Answer 32

Hans Eysnck

Question 33

Big Five - O

Answer 33

openness to experience

Question 34

Big Five - C

Answer 34

conscientiousness

Question 35

Big Five - E

Answer 35

extraversion

Question 36

Big Five - A

Answer 36

agreeableness

Question 37

Big Five - N

Answer 37

neuroticism

Question 38

accounts for variability without overlap and multiple observer agreeability; is reliable across cultures (may be universal)

Answer 38

preferred model criteria

Question 39

creator subjectivity, reliability, and validity may be questioned

Answer 39

unacceptable

Question 40

simple, no trait typing; accuracy that depends on honest and self-reflective answers

Answer 40

acceptable

Question 41

looks for correlations between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Answer 41

behavioral genetics

Question 42

personality characteristics result from different cultural standards and expectations between the genders

Answer 42

social role theory

Question 43

being psychologically androgynous can be beneficial

Answer 43

Bem Sex Role Inventory

Question 44

postulated that extraversion is most relevant to neurophysiological mechanisms; variation in alertness

Answer 44

Hans Eysenck

Question 45

proposed two brain systems responsible for extraversion and neuroticism

Answer 45

Jeffrey Grey

Question 46

two brain systems proposed by Jeffrey Grey

Answer 46

1. behavioral activation system (BAS) 2. behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Question 47

views personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness --- motives that can also produce emotional disorders

Answer 47

psychodynamic approach (Sigmund Freud)

Question 48

distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas (erotogenic zones), and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures

Answer 48

psychosexual stages

Question 49

emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature; emphasize goodness and potential for growth

Answer 49

humanistic psychologists

Question 50

focus on individuals as responsible agents, free to create their life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death

Answer 50

existentialist psychologists

Question 51

approach integrates these insights with a focus on how a personality can become optimal

Answer 51

the humanistic-existential

Question 52

recognizes self-actualization as a higher need after basic needs are met

Answer 52

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 53

who found engagement in tasks that match our abilities causes a state of focus called flow

Answer 53

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Question 54

it feels good to do things that challenge your abilities but don't challenge them too much

Answer 54

flow experience (Mihaly C)

Question 55

regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

Answer 55

existential approach (Rollo May and Viktor Frankl)

Question 56

views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

Answer 56

social-cognitive approach

Question 57

the situation and learning history are key determinants of behavior but are open to interpretation; how people perceive their environments

Answer 57

person-situation controversy

Question 58

who argued that personality traits do little to predict behavior (r=0.30 on average)

Answer 58

Walter Mischel

Question 59

who said self-schemas are sets of traits we use to define ourselves

Answer 59

Hazel Markus

Question 60

each person finds certain unique personality traits, particularly important self-conceptualization

Answer 60

self-schemas

Question 61

shows how people prefer letters that are the same as the letter starting their first name

Answer 61

name-letter effect

Question 62

people are generally unaware of their preference for things similar to themselves (ex. their own name)

Answer 62

implicit egotism