chapter 13

Question 1

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

behavior whose purpose is to harm others

Answer 2

aggression

Question 3

a principle stating that all animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

Answer 3

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 4

aggression that is planned and purposeful

Answer 4

proactive aggression

Question 5

aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state

Answer 5

reactive aggression

Question 6

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Answer 6

cooperation

Question 7

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Answer 7

group

Question 8

tendency to treat people better when they are members of one’s own group than when they are not

Answer 8

in-group favoritism

Question 9

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

Answer 9

common knowledge effect

Question 10

the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

Answer 10

group polarization

Question 11

the tendency of groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

Answer 11

groupthink

Question 12

a phenomenon in which immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values

Answer 12

deindividuation

Question 13

the tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Answer 13

diffusion of responsibility

Question 14

the tendency of people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

Answer 14

social loafing

Question 15

the tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when other bystanders are present

Answer 15

bystander effect

Question 16

intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

Answer 16

altruism

Question 17

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Answer 17

kin selection

Question 18

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Answer 18

reciprocal altruism

Question 19

the tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the frequency of exposure to that stimulus

Answer 19

mere exposure effect

Question 20

the tendency for people to like others who are similar to themselves

Answer 20

homophily

Question 21

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Answer 21

passionate love

Question 22

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being

Answer 22

companionate love

Question 23

the cost-benefit ratio that a person believes they could attain in another relationship

Answer 23

comparison level for alternatives

Question 24

a state of affairs in which the cost/benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favorable

Answer 24

equity

Question 25

the processes by which people come to understand others

Answer 25

social cognition

Question 26

inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs

Answer 26

category-based inferences

Question 27

inferences based on information about an individual's behavior

Answer 27

target-based inferences

Question 28

the process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership

Answer 28

stereotyping

Question 29

a negative evaluation of another person based solely on their category membership

Answer 29

prejudice

Question 30

negative behavior toward another person based solely on their category membership

Answer 30

discrimination

Question 31

the tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave

Answer 31

behavioral confirmation

Question 32

the anxiety associated with the possibility of confirming other people's stereotypes about one's group

Answer 32

stereotype threat

Question 33

the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

Answer 33

perceptual confirmation

Question 34

the tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as "exceptions to the rule"

Answer 34

subtyping

Question 35

an inference about the cause of a person's behavior

Answer 35

attribution

Question 36

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution

Answer 36

fundamental attribution error

Question 37

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

Answer 37

actor-observer effect

Question 38

the ability to change or direct another person's behavior

Answer 38

social influence

Question 39

an effect that occurs when a reward decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior

Answer 39

overjustification effect

Question 40

an unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced

Answer 40

reactance

Question 41

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

Answer 41

norms

Question 42

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Answer 42

norm of reciprocity

Question 43

a phenomenon in which another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate

Answer 43

normative influence

Question 44

an influence strategy that involves getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request

Answer 44

door-in-the-face technique

Question 45

the tendency to do what others do

Answer 45

conformity

Question 46

the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do

Answer 46

obedience

Question 47

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus

Answer 47

attitude

Question 48

an enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus

Answer 48

belief

Question 49

a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is good or true

Answer 49

informational influence

Question 50

a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Answer 50

persuasion

Question 51

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Answer 51

central-route persuasion

Question 52

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Answer 52

peripheral-route persuasion

Question 53

a technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request

Answer 53

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 54

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Answer 54

cognitive dissonance

Question 55

the best predictor of type of aggression used is

Answer 55

gender

Question 56

a metaphor for the potential costs and benefits of cooperation in everyday life

Answer 56

prisoner's dilemma

Question 57

women tend to be "choosier"

Answer 57

selectivity