chapters 1-3 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
popularized by Rene Descartes, the view that the body and the mind are two seperate entities
A
dualism
2
Q
popularized by Thomas Hobbes, the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena
A
materialism
3
Q
our perceptions of the physical world are faithful copies of the information we receive (John Locke)
A
realism
4
Q
our perceptions of the physical world are how we interpret the information we receive (Immanuel Kant)
A
idealism
5
Q
all knowledge is acquired through experience (Locke)
A
empiricism
6
Q
some knowledge is innate (Kant)
A
nativism
7
Q
recorded people’s reaction times (stimulus to response times)
A
Herman Von Helmholtz
8
Q
often referred to as the father of psychology
A
Wilhelm Wundt
9
Q
breaking down the mind into basic elements
A
structuralism
10
Q
Wundt’s student who pioneered introspection
A
Edward Titchener
11
Q
unconscious vs subconscious
A
Sigmund Freud
12
Q
a theory that focuses on the influence of unconscious feelings, thoughts, or behaviors
A
psychoanalytic theory
13
Q
manifestation of anxiety/fears (if you are being chased, you are “running away from something”)
A
dream analysis
14
Q
psychodynamic theory, Rorschach testing
A
Freud’s influence
15
Q
observable behavior (observing objective stimulus/response relationships)
A
Watson
16
Q
principle of reinforcement (any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated)
A
Skinner
17
Q
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
emphasizes the way in which the brain makes sense of perceptual input
A
Gestalt
18
Q
behavior is based on a persons subjective social perception of their environment (how people from judgments about themselves, others, and their environment through socialization)
A
social psychology
19
Q
the study of human information processing (how people allocate attention, learn, and remember information)
A
cognitive psychology
20
Q
the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection
A
evolutionary psychology
21
Q
developmental psychology
A
Piaget
22
Q
set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas using empirical evidence
A
scientific method
23
Q
belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation; essential element in scientific method
A
empiricism
24
Q
explanation of a natural phenomena
A
theory
25
falsifiable predication made by a theory
hypothesis
26
use one's senses to learn about the properties of an event or an object
observe
27
description of property in measureable terms
operational definition
28
extent to which the thing being measured adequately characterizes the property
construct validity
29
tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing
reliability
30
ability of a measure to detect conditions specified in the operational definition
power
31
aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
demand characteristics
32
technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
naturalistic observation
33
tendency for observers' expectations to influence what they believe they observed and what they actually observed
observer bias
34
complete collection of people: rarely measured
population
35
partial collection of people drawn from a population
sample
36
brief summary statements about essential information from a frequency distribution
descriptive statistics
37
mode, mean, median
central tendency (center or midpoint)
38
extent measurements differ tell how much the measurements differ from each other or roughly how wide the distribution is
variability
39
value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement
range
40
statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution
standard deviation
41
a relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
correlation
42
more is more relationship
positive correlation
43
more is less relationship
negative correlation
44
correlations observed in the world around us
natural correlation
45
natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a casual relationship between them because of a third variable might be causing them both
third variable problem (Z)
46
technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables
experimentation
47
variable that is manipulated in an experiment
independent variable
48
variable that is measured in an experiment
dependent variable
49
procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experimental or control group
random assignment
50
problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether they will be included in the experimental or control group
self-selection
51
accuracy of a measurement
validity
52
consistency of a measurement
reliability
53
both go up or down
positive correlation
54
move in opposite directions
negative correlation
55
making sure conditions don't differ by chance
statistical testing
56
determined when we calculate the odds that random assignment has failed through inferential statistics
statistical significance
57
an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish casual relationships
internal validity
58
an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
external validity
59
method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
case method
60
technique for choosing participants to ensure that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
random sampling
61
acceptable technique if the similarity between a sample and the population doesn't matter, when direct replication is available, and the similarity between the two is a reasonable starting assumption
non random sampling
62
complete collection of participants who might be measured
population
63
partial collection of people drawn from a population
sample
64
experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the population
replication
65
error occurs when researchers conclude that there is a casual relationship between two variable when there is not
type I error
66
error occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a casual relationship between two variables when in fact, there is
type II error
67
involves asking tough questions
critical thinking
68
scientists constantly strive to make their observations more accurate and reasoning more rigorous
the skeptical stance
69
the origin of behavior
neurons
70
cells in nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
neurons
71
coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
cell body
72
receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
dendrite
73
junction or region between axon of one neuron and dendrites or cell body of another
synapse
74
transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands
axon
75
provides insulating layer of fatty material
myelin sheath
76
support cells found in the nervous system
glial cells
77
receive information from external world; convey this information to brain via spinal cord (receive signals for light, sound, touch, taste, and smell)
sensory neurons
78
carry signals from the spinal cord to muscles to produce movement (often have long axons that reach to muscles at our extremities)
motor neurons
79
connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons
interneurons
80
movement of electrical signal within neurons
conduction
81
movement of electrical signal from one neuron to another due to signaling across the synapse
transmission
82
conducting information within a neuron
electric signaling
83
difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane (about -70mV)
resting potential
84
electric signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse
action potential
85
time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
refractory period
86
a type of neuron that carries information from brain/spinal cord to muscle
motor neurons
87
a type of neuron that carries information from senses to the brain/spinal cord
sensory neurons
88
a type of neuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord
purkinje cells
89
movement of electric signal within neurons
conduction
90
movement of electrical signal from one neuron to another due to signaling across the synapse
transmission
91
transmission between neurons
chemical signaling
92
information passed between neurons through chemicals
neurotransmitters
93
knoblike structures that branch out from an axon
terminal structures
94
chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites
neurotransmitters
95
parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electrical signal
receptors
96
sending neurons
presynaptic neurons
97
voluntary motor control.
acetylcholine (ach)
98
regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure
dopamine (da)
99
major excitatory nt aka excites the nervous system
glutamate
100
major inhibitory nt aka calms the nervous system
GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid)
101
states of vigilance, awareness of environment
norepinephrine (ne)
102
regulates sleep, eating, aggression
serotonin
103
act in pain/emotion centers
endorphins
104
act in pain/emotion centers
endorphins
105
drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
agonists
106
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
antagonists
107
interacting network of neuron that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
nervous system
108
connects the CNS to the body's organs and muscles
peripheral nervous system
109
conveys information in and out of the CNS
somatic nervous system
110
carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood
vessels, body organs, and glands
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
111
prepares the body for action in threatening situations (fight or flight)
sympathetic nervous system
112
helps the body return to a normal resting state (rest and digest)
parasympathetic nervous system
113
simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
spinal reflexes
114
a neural pathway that controls reflex actions
reflex arc
115
coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord; also controls the basic functions of life (medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons)
hindbrain
116
important for orientation and movement (tectum, tegmentum)
midbrain
117
highest level of brain; critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions
forebrain
118
relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex; part of the limbic system
thalamus
119
regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; part of the limbic system Subcortical structures
hypothalamus
120
group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, emotion, leaning, and memory (hah)
limbic system
121
plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories
amygdala
122
critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex
hippocampus
123
set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements and plays a role in reward processing located near the thalamus and hypothalamus
basal ganglia
124
a network of glands that produces and secretes hormones into bloodstream
the endocrine system
125
chemical messengers influence several basic functions: metabolism, growth, and sexual maturation
hormones
126
master gland of the body’s hormone-producing system
releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
pituitary gland
127
thick band of nerve fibers connecting large areas of cerebral cortex on each side of the brain; supports communication of information across the hemispheres
corpus callosum
128
processes visual information
occipital lobe
129
processes information about touch
parietal lobe
130
responsible for hearing and language
temporal lobe
131
specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment
frontal lobe
132
composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex
association areas
133
some patients continue to feel sensations where the missing limb would be
phantom limb system
134
unit of hereditary transmission; sections on strands of DNA organized into chromosomes
gene
135
strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration
chromosomes
136
study of environmental influences that determine whether genes are expressed
epigenetics
137
chemical modifications to DNA
epigenetic marks
138
adding a methyl group (special enzymes) to DNA
DNA methylation
139
adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that help in packaging DNA
histone modification
140
measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
heritability
141
assembled from half-face components of the full faces
chimeric faces
142
device used to record electrical activity in the brain
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
143
shows different brain density, used to locate lesions or tumors
CT scan (Computerized axial tomography)
144
provides clearer picture of brain structure and volume, used to localize brain damage
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
145
visualizes white matter pathways, used in mapping the connectivity of the human
DTI (Diffusion tensor imaging)
146
shows brain activity while someone engages in a cognitive or motor task
functional brain imaging
147
radiation detectors record radioactivity levels in each brain region, producing a computerized image of the activated areas
PET (positron emission tomography)
148
difference is detected between oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin when exposed to magnetic pulses (provides a picture of the level of activation in each brain area)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
