chapter 8

Question 1

a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action

Answer 1

emotion

Question 2

conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

Answer 2

appraisal

Question 3

a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

Answer 3

action tendencies

Question 4

the theory that feelings are simply the perception of one’s own physiological responses to a stimulus

Answer 4

James-Lange theory

Question 5

stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Answer 5

James-Lange theory

Question 6

stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain

Answer 6

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 7

stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion

Answer 7

two-factor theory

Question 8

an observable sign of an emotional state

Answer 8

emotional expression

Question 9

the theory that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times

Answer 9

universality hypothesis

Question 10

the theory that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify

Answer 10

facial feedback hypothesis

Question 10

a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

Answer 10

display rule

Question 11

the internal causes of purposeful behavior

Answer 11

motivation

Question 12

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in equilibrium

Answer 12

homeostasis

Question 13

a theory suggesting that the primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives

Answer 13

drive-reduction theory

Question 14

the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Answer 14

hedonic principle

Question 15

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experiences

Answer 15

emotion regulation

Question 16

the process of changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Answer 16

reappraisal

Question 17

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short time

Answer 17

binge eating disorder

Question 18

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior

Answer 18

bulimia nervosa

Question 19

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake

Answer 19

anorexia nervosa

Question 20

the idea that traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment

Answer 20

evolutionary mismatch

Question 21

the rate at which the body uses energy

Answer 21

metabolism

Question 22

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

Answer 22

human sexual response cycle (Masters and Johnson)

Question 23

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Answer 23

intrinsic motivation

Question 24

a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward

Answer 24

extrinsic motivation

Question 25

an effect that occurs when a reward decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior

Answer 25

overjustification effect

Question 26

motivations of which people are aware

Answer 26

conscious motivations

Question 27

motivations of which people are not aware

Answer 27

unconscious motivations

Question 28

the desire to experience a sense of accomplishment by meeting one's goals

Answer 28

achievement motivation

Question 29

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

Answer 29

approach motivation

Question 30

the motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes

Answer 30

avoidance motivation

Question 31

the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains

Answer 31

loss aversion

Question 32

a theory about how people respond to the knowledge of their own morality

Answer 32

terror management theory

Question 33

studied scientifically through measurement of reported closeness of one feeling to another

Answer 33

feelings

Question 34

estimates location and distance between emotions

Answer 34

map of emotions (feeling-scape)

Question 35

plays an important role in emotion; threat detector

Answer 35

amygdala

Question 36

all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times (Darwin)

Answer 36

universality hypotheis

Question 37

a language that is universally spoken and universally understood

Answer 37

universality hypothesis

Question 38

internal state generated by physiological needs

Answer 38

drives

Question 39

is to feel good rather than bad

Answer 39

primary motivation

Question 40

people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs

Answer 40

the motivated body (Abraham Maslow)

Question 41

most pervasive eating-related problem in the US (BMI > 30)

Answer 41

obesity