chapter 15

Question 1

a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

Answer 1

mental disorder

Question 2

an approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

Answer 2

medical model

Question 3

a classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how that disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems

Answer 3

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Question 4

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Answer 4

comorbidity

Question 5

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer 5

biopsychosocial perspective

Question 6

suggests that a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Answer 6

diathesis-stress model

Question 7

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

Answer 7

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

Question 8

the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature

Answer 8

anxiety disorder

Question 9

disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Answer 9

phobic disorders

Question 10

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

Answer 10

specific phobia

Question 11

a phobia that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Answer 11

social phobia

Question 12

the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

Answer 12

preparedness theory

Question 13

a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Answer 13

panic disorder

Question 14

a specific phobia involving a fear of public places or fear something terrible will happen

Answer 14

agoraphobia

Question 15

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Answer 15

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Question 16

a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning

Answer 16

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 17

a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind

Answer 17

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 18

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature

Answer 18

mood disorders

Question 19

a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance

Answer 19

major depressive disorder

Question 20

a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance

Answer 20

unipolar depression

Question 21

the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

Answer 21

persistent depressive disorder

Question 22

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

Answer 22

double depression

Question 23

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Answer 23

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 24

the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread)

Answer 24

helplessness theory

Question 25

a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

Answer 25

bipolar disorder

Question 26

a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder

Answer 26

expressed emotion

Question 27

a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior

Answer 27

schizophrenia

Question 28

thoughts and behaviors, such as hallucinations and delusions, not seen in those without the disorder

Answer 28

positive symptoms

Question 29

a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

Answer 29

hallucination

Question 30

a false belief, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality

Answer 30

delusion

Question 31

disruptions or deficits in abilities of speech, movement, and cognition in those with schizophrenia

Answer 31

disorganized symptoms

Question 32

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

Answer 32

grossly disorganized behavior

Question 33

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

Answer 33

catatonic behavior

Question 34

deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning, attention, and working memory, present in those with schizophrenia

Answer 34

cognitive symptoms

Question 35

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Answer 35

dopamine hypothesis

Question 36

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

Answer 36

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 37

a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

Answer 37

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 38

a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations

Answer 38

conduct disorder

Question 39

enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning

Answer 39

personality disorders

Question 40

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

Answer 40

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Question 41

intentional self-inflicted death

Answer 41

suicide

Question 42

engagement in potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying

Answer 42

suicide attempt

Question 43

direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die

Answer 43

nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Question 44

observable indicators of condition

Answer 44

signs

Question 45

subjective experiences reported by patient

Answer 45

symptoms

Question 46

a disruption in normal physical/mental function

Answer 46

disorder

Question 47

a diagnosable medical condition

Answer 47

disease

Question 48

identification of a condition

Answer 48

diagnosis

Question 49

considers the social and environmental factors that influence how people prepare for environmental hazards

Answer 49

preparedness theory

Question 50

when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations

Answer 50

helplessness theory

Question 51

views mental and physical health as having a primary biological origin

Answer 51

medical model

Question 52

interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer 52

biopsychosocial model

Question 53

explains how mental disorders develop as a result of the interaction between two factors

Answer 53

diathesis-stress model

Question 54

new initiative to guide classification and understanding of disorders by revealing processes that give rise to them

Answer 54

RDoC

Question 55

extreme, unreasonable, and irrational fear associated with a specific object, situation, or concept which poses little or no actual danger (i.e., spiders, the dark, heights)

Answer 55

specific phobia

Question 56

causes people to feel intense fear and anxiety in social situations

Answer 56

social phobia

Question 57

anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks

Answer 57

panic disorder

Question 58

causes of depression

Answer 58

decrease in norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 59

cause of a disorder

Answer 59

etiology