Chapter 12

Question 1

t/f: memories being retrieved can be both fact and procedurally based

Answer 1

true

Question 2

recovery of stored information used to guide behavior is the definition of …

Answer 2

retrieval of memory

Question 3

acquisition involves _______ memory

Answer 3

working

Question 4

retention involves _________________ memory

Answer 4

both working and reference

Question 5

retrieval involves ________ memory

Answer 5

reference

Question 6

what type of memory is considered “long-term”?

Answer 6

reference

Question 7

failure of memory in the healthy organism is more likely a result of ________ ________ than loss of information

Answer 7

retrieval failure

Question 8

retrieval cues

Answer 8

reminders that produce retrieval of memory

Question 9

do retrieval cues need to be strong?

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

t/f: retrieval cues involve the conscious brain a lot of the time

Answer 10

FALSE; involves subconscious

Question 11

stimuli presented during acquisition can serve as _______ ____

Answer 11

retrieval cues

Question 12

main take away from Borovsky and Rovee-Collier’s study on how early can memory be demonstrated

Answer 12

young children have capacity of memory and learning early on in life

Question 13

forgetting

Answer 13

memory failure resulting in lack of response in accordance with past experiences or learning

Question 14

forgetting is an ____ process

Answer 14

active

Question 15

negative forgetting

Answer 15

has a negative impact on performance

ex. explain the reinforcer devaluation procedure

Question 16

positive forgetting

Answer 16

has a positive impact on performance, increases response variability

ex. learning a new password

ex. learn a skill but then job requires change making you learn a new skill while forgetting old one = (+) forgetting

Question 17

2 sources of forgetting

Answer 17

proactive interference

retroactive interference

Question 18

2 sources of forgetting: proactive interference

Answer 18

previously learned information disrupts your ability to form new memories

ex. if you learned the term “positive punishment” first, learning the term “omission training” will be hard

think proactive as affecting NEW memories

Question 19

2 sources of forgetting: retroactive interference

Answer 19

new memories disrupt previously learned information

ex. each new person you meet at a party causes a disruption of names learned earlier in the night

think retroactive as affecting OLD memories

Question 20

retrograde amnesia

Answer 20

graded memory loss of information close to the event that induced the loss

ex. seizure, blackout, concussion

Question 21

results of the first Zhou + Riccio, 1995 study without reminders

Answer 21

rats given a concussion reduced avoidance of the dark shock side of the box when concussion is induced near training time

concussion is affecting the consolidation of memory

Question 22

how does concussion disrupt memory:

is _________ of the information to long-term memory affected?

is ________ of the information from long-term memory affected?

Answer 22

consolidation; retrieval

Question 23

perception means …

Answer 23

you have the sensory capacity to take something in @ once, but not sufficient enough to maintain/memorize

Question 24

working memory is often _______ and allows us to begin to ________ information

Answer 24

conscious; consolidate

Question 25

post concussion, a ________ ____ can reverse amnesia

Answer 25

retrieval cue

Question 26

what were the results of the second Zhou + Riccio, 1995 study?

Answer 26

retrieval is facilitated as group 2 (with reminder) show avoidance of dark shock side

Question 27

Spot Check: by starting with prospective memory coding, over time, the memory load will: increase decrease

Answer 27

decrease! chapter 11

Question 28

learning and memory must have a ______ substrate!

Answer 28

neural

Question 29

engram

Answer 29

physical representation of learning and memory

Question 30

where did Lashley go wrong when trying to locate the engram

Answer 30

thought he was using a simple task (maze) but animals can solve maze with limited information approach and methodology was wrong

Question 31

_______ of knowledge engages several brain circuits

Answer 31

acquisition

Question 32

complex memories are ______ in multiple areas

Answer 32

retained

Question 33

memories are ______ from many brain areas

Answer 33

retrieved

Question 34

acquisition definition

Answer 34

the strengthening or weakening of neural connections as a result of experience with the environment

Question 35

what part of the model (in the notes) does acquisition pertain to?

Answer 35

attention

Question 36

when cells fire together (associate), they ...

Answer 36

wire together

Question 37

how does neural stimulation affect the activity of downstream targets is in relation to what component of learning/memory?

Answer 37

acquisition

Question 38

results of Bliss + Lomo, 1973, stimulation of hippocampus study?

Answer 38

moderate stimulation: moderate activity strong stimulation: long-term potentiation (LTP) - enhanced synaptic strength - LEARNING - responding will be stronger/maintained in the future weak stimulation: long-term depression (LTD) - reduced synaptic strength - LEARNING - disrupt neurotransmission, weaken response

Question 39

main takeaway (3 things) about external stimuli and the changes they can make to memory/learning

Answer 39

external stimuli: - can produce changes in synaptic strength - bidirectional - create structural changes

Question 40

LTP increases the efficiency of memory paths by increasing (3 things)...

Answer 40

1. # of dendritic spines 2. size of dendritic spine head 3. excitatory receptor density on dendritic spine head

Question 41

retention defintion

Answer 41

the permanent physical change in neural circuitry coding for the information

Question 42

retention involves what part of the diagram?

Answer 42

consolidation

Question 43

once rehearsal conditions are met, information is consolidated and retained in _________ ________ stores

Answer 43

permanent memory

Question 44

Wilder Penfield discovered that ______ _____ lobe stimulation induced specific memories

Answer 44

medial temporal

Question 45

t/f: MRI confirms that consolidated memory is stored in and retrieved from cortex

Answer 45

true!

Question 46

Where is it known to be the areas where we store information for retrieval?

Answer 46

cortical

Question 47

4 structures in the rehearsal circuit for the neurobiology of memory

Answer 47

hippocampus basal forebrain thalamus amygdala

Question 48

neurobiology of memory steps

Answer 48

1. visual stream -- perception --> 2. conscious/cortex (trace) -- acquisition --> 3. rehearsal circuit -- consolidation --> 4. association cortex (permanent) -- retrieval --> 5. rehearsal circuit!

Question 49

retention and consolidation are dependent upon the _________ of the information

Answer 49

rehearsal

Question 50

association cortex stores ...

Answer 50

long-term memory

Question 51

is the neurobiology of memory always the same?

Answer 51

in a healthy brain barring diseases, yes!