Chapter 12 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What does body image refer to?
The internal representations individuals have of their appearance, including thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and evaluations of their body
A central component is the extent to which individuals are satisfied with their body.
Who tends to feel more dissatisfied with their bodies, women or men?
Women tend to feel more dissatisfied with their bodies
How do men typically experience weight dissatisfaction compared to women?
Men tend to want to gain muscle mass, while women tend to want to lose weight
What is the relationship between body image disturbance and clinical problems?
The higher the level of disturbance, the higher the chance of encountering clinical problems like anorexia nervosa and bulimia
What does social comparison theory propose?
Individuals think about information about the self in relation to one or more other people
What are the three types of social comparisons?
- Lateral comparison (with similar others)
- Upward comparison (better-off others)
- Downward comparison (worse-off others)
What is social comparison orientation (SCO)?
The extent and frequency with which people compare themselves to others
How do women with high SCO typically respond in terms of body image?
They tend to identify with more attractive women and seek similarities with them, thus being more satisfied with their appearance
According to self-discrepancy theory, what are the three possible selves?
- Actual self
- Ideal self
- Ought self
What does the term ‘ideal discrepancy’ refer to?
The gap between an individual’s ideal self and their actual self, with higher discrepancies leading to less satisfaction with one’s body
What coping strategy is associated with less depressive symptoms over time?
Problem-focused coping
Which coping strategy is more prevalent in women and associated with more depressive symptoms?
Emotion-focused coping
What are some examples of cognitive coping strategies?
- Self-blame
- Acceptance
- Rumination
- Positive refocusing
- Refocus on planning
- Positive reappraisal
- Putting into perspective
- Catastrophizing
- Blaming others
What does the attributional model of depression propose?
Depression is caused and maintained by the type of attributions people make regarding negative, uncontrollable events
What type of attributions can lead to depression according to the attributional model?
Attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global causes
What is the aim of training in preventive coping skills?
To help individuals interpret events in a less self-defeating way
What does attachment theory propose about individuals’ relationships?
Individuals possess an evolved adaptive tendency to maintain proximity to an attachment figure
What are the four attachment styles according to attachment theory?
- Secure attachment style
- Avoidant attachment style
- Fearful attachment style
- Dismissing attachment style
- Preoccupied attachment style
How do securely attached individuals differ from others in relationships?
They report higher levels of relationship satisfaction and commitment
What does social exchange theory suggest about relationships?
Individuals form and continue relationships based on reciprocity in costs and rewards
What can lead to demand-withdraw conflicts in relationships?
Imbalance in costs and rewards, where one spouse pressures the other with complaints, criticism, and demands
What is the focus of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)?
Helping partners become aware of and appropriately label the emotions they experience during distressing interactions
What should couples work on according to attachment theory?
Healing their attachment styles and balancing costs and benefits in their relationship
