Chapter 8 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is social comparison?
The process of thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self
Defined by Wood, 1996
At what age do children develop the capability for social comparison?
Children below the age of six/seven do not have the necessary capabilities to make social comparisons
What is observational learning?
Learning by observing how another person performs
Can reveal useful information, increase motivation, and raise feelings of self-efficacy
What is the similarity principle in social comparison?
A preference to compare oneself with others who are similar on related attributes
What does upward social comparison refer to?
Comparison with someone who is better off or who performs better on the dimension under comparison
What does downward social comparison refer to?
Comparison with someone who is worse off or who performs worse on the dimension under comparison
What are entity theorists’ beliefs about intelligence?
They believe that intelligence is an innate and stable property of a person
What do incremental theorists believe about performance?
They believe that performance can usually be improved by effort
Incremental theorists are more resilient and optimistic in the face of failure
What is the impact of upward comparison on students with an entity theory of intelligence?
It can only work when students feel they are able to change to an incremental perspective
What did Huguet, Brunot, and Monteil (2001) find regarding self-representations?
Students perform in accordance with their self-representations based on task indications
What is the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE)?
Students in academically selective environments have lower academic self-concepts compared with students of equal aptitude in non-selective environments
What are contrast effects in the context of BFLPE?
Self-evaluative judgment shifts away from the background or context
What are assimilation effects in the context of BFLPE?
Self-evaluative judgment shifts towards the social context
What is stereotype threat?
The role of negative stereotypes affecting performance, particularly in women and girls on math tests
What is classroom climate?
The perceived quality of the classroom, also referred to as the atmosphere or ambience of the setting
What factor strongly determines whether a subject is liked by students?
The teacher
How can the risk of deteriorating classroom climate be reduced?
By minimizing competition among students
