Chapter 4 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the three desirable qualities that research approaches vary in?
Precision, generalizability to situations, generalizability to people
What is the dilemma faced by researchers regarding the three desirable qualities?
Maximizing one quality results in the reduction of the other two
What approach should researchers adopt to address the dilemma of research designs?
Dilemmatic approach
What are the two essential components of true experiments?
Manipulation, random assignment
What do true experiments seek to discover?
The cause of a particular behavior
What is a person confound?
Occurs when an individual difference influences the outcome variable
What is a procedural confound?
Occurs when the experimenter varies two or more variables at once
What do true experiments eliminate?
Confounds
What is the 2 x 2 factorial design?
A design consisting of two independent variables, each with two levels
What is mundane realism?
The physical setting of the study is similar to the real-world setting
What is psychological realism?
The degree to which the subjective experiences of participants are realistic
What does correlational research investigate?
The relationship between different measured variables
What is the limitation of correlational research regarding causality?
It is unable to infer causality
What is reverse causality?
When it is not possible to tell which variable caused the other
What is the third variable problem?
When two variables are related due to a third variable causing them
What do covariates do in correlational research?
Statistically control the influences of nuisance variables
What is a quasi-experimental design?
A design with partial control over independent variables
What is the person-by-treatment quasi-experiment?
A design where one independent variable is manipulated and one is measured
What is survey research?
The process of collecting information from a sample of people
What is cluster sampling?
A technique where subgroups are selected and then randomly sampled
What is a sampling error?
The discrepancy between results based on a selected sample and the actual population
What is the capability of survey research regarding large groups?
Describing information about very large groups of people
What is Rule 1 for deciding between research designs?
Pursue programmatic research
What does Rule 2 suggest regarding conducting studies?
Do what has not been done before
