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Psychology Final > Chapter 13 - Emotion & Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Emotion & Motivation Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

subjective reaction to an object, event, person, or memory

A

emotion

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2
Q

described feeling associated with emotion

A

affective component

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3
Q

free-floating emotional feeling that does not relate directly to a stimulus

A

mood

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4
Q

heightened body reaction to a stimulus

A

physiological arousal

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5
Q

outward sign that a person is experiencing an emotion

A

expressive behavior

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6
Q

brain’s remembered response to experiencing an emotion

A

cognitive experience

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7
Q

supposes that facial expressions are understood across cultures

A

universality hypothesis

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8
Q

proposes that the physiological experience of heart pounding or tears flowing causes a person to feel afraid or sad

A

James-Lange theory

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9
Q

proposes that the mental and physiological components of emotions happen simultaneously

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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10
Q

states that cognitive evaluation happens alongside a person’s physiological arousal to create the emotion experienced

A

Schacter and Singer two-factor theory

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11
Q

states that how a person perceives an environment feeds back into physiological arousal and influences what the person feels

A

Schacter’s cognition-plus-feedback

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12
Q

caused by the prior experience of a stimulus, and primes us to react in a certain way

A

exposure effect

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13
Q

essential for unconscious emotional responses

A

amygdala

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14
Q

states that if a person notices a particular physiological response, that person has to decide what it means before being able to feel an emotion

A

cognitive-appraisal theory

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15
Q

assigning the incorrect meaning to an emotion because of a particular physiological response

A

misattribution

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16
Q

part of the brain that receives sensory information, processes it, and sends it to the cortex

A

thalamus

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17
Q

pathway between the thalamus and amygdala through which the amygdala receives projections from sensory organs

A

rapid subcortical pathway

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18
Q

pathway that sends messages from the thalamus to the visual cortex and then back to the amygdala, allowing a person’s perceptions to affect his or her emotions

A

slower cortical pathway

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19
Q

part of the brain involved in auditory processing

A

temporal lobe

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20
Q

inability to interpret the significance of a sensory stimulus because of an inability to experience the correct emotional response

A

psychic blindness

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21
Q

responsible for mediating conflicting thoughts, choosing between right and wrong; essential for cognitive experience of emotion

A

prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

type of surgery in which the prefrontal area of the brain is disables, causing people to feel less intense emotions but also leaving them unable to plan or manage their lives

A

prefrontal lobotomy

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23
Q

part of the PNS that performs tasks that are not consciously controlled

A

autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

part of the ANS that tells the hypothalamus to release adrenaline to prepare the body for action

A

sympathetic division

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25
part of the ANS that brings the body back to its resting state after actions caused by intense emotions
parasympathetic division
26
area of the brain underneath that frontal cortex that is involved in experiencing pleasure
nucleus accumbens
27
states that a person who makes a certain facial expression will feel the corresponding emotion, as long as the person is not feeling some other competing emotion
facial feedback hypothesis
28
46 unique movements involved in facial expressions that indicate emotion
action units
29
an exaggeration of emotions a muting of emotions
intensification / deintensification
30
refers to showing one emotion while feeling another
masking
31
refers to showing no emotion, even though the person is actually feeling one
neutralizing
32
the form or shape of something
morphology
33
the selective perception of stimuli congruent with the emotional state of the person experiencing the stimuli
mood-congruent processing
34
use of cognitive strategies to control and influence a person's own emotional response
emotion regulation
35
refers to a person's imagining how he would feel about something that might not happen in the future
affective forecasting
36
a positive or negative value along a continuum
valence all emotions have a valence and also very in degree of arousal
37
states that a person should express emotions to prevent those emotions from building up and exploding
catharsis theory
38
refers to the idea that if a person is already happy, he is more likely to be helpful
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
39
a person's self-perceived satisfaction with life
subjective well-being
40
phenomenon in which the things a person is currently experiencing become the norm for that person, causing the person to continually want more
adaptation-level phenomenon
41
relates to a person's comparison of himself to others; when the person compares himself to someone of higher/lower social standing, he feels worse/better
relative deprivation
42
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
43
internal factors involved in motivation external factors involved in motivation
dispositional forces / situational forces
44
internal conditions that make a person tend toward certain goals
motivational states
45
internal conditions that make a person tend toward certain goals; caused by departure from optimal states
drives
46
motivation that remains in a person's awareness / | that is not in a person's awareness but can be easily accessed / that operates without a person's awareness
conscious / subconscious / unconscious motivation
47
motivation involved with striving to achieve a positive result / to avoid a negative result
approach / avoidance motivation
48
unlearned complex behaviors with a fixed pattern throughout a species
instincts
49
states that people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain
hedonic principle
50
states that a person reacts when a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives him or her to reduce the need
drive-reduction theory
51
describes a steady and balanced inner state
homeostasis
52
seek to preserve homeostasis initiate activities not required to preserve homeostasis
regulatory drives / nonregulatory drives
53
emphasizes that role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior
social learning theory
54
explains drives by understanding them as correspondence to neural activity
central-state theory
55
set of neurons that create a drive
central drive system
56
positive or negative stimulus in the environment
incentive
57
task that is pleasurable in and of itself
intrinsic reward
58
reward that is achieved through the completion of a task
extrinsic reward
59
subjective feeling of pleasure derived from a reward
liking
60
desire to achieve a particular goal in order to receive a reward
wanting
61
described an act that causes a response to be more likely to occor
reinforcement
62
neurons involved with experiencing the positive emotions associated with receiving a reward
reward neurons
63
the brain's reward pathway
medial forebrain bundle
64
system involved with experiencing pleasure; does not depend on dopamine
liking system
65
morphine like chemicals that inhibit pain and are released by the medial forebrain bundle
endorphins
66
system involved with achieving a goal to receive pleasure; depends heavily on dopamine
wanting system
67
arousal state in which a person has enough motivation but not so much so that she feels anxious or unable to perform
optimal arousal
68
states in general that performance peaks with moderate levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
69
pyramidal structure that shows the five needs that must be satisfied for a person to achieve self-actualization
hierarchy or needs
70
needs that affect a person's physiology, such as hunger or thirst
physiological needs
71
feeling of being in a secure and safe environment
safety
72
need to feel love and avoid alienation
belongingness
73
need to feel achievement and self worth
esteem need
74
complete feeling of self-acceptance and an awareness of fulfilling one's unique potential
self-actualization
75
blood sugar
glucose
76
hormone that reduces the level of glucose in the blood
insulin
77
hormone that brings on feelings of hunger
orexin
78
refers to signals that stop an animal from eating
anorexogenic
79
part of the hypothalamus that contains both appetite-stimulating and appetite-suppressing neurons
arcuate nucleus
80
sense of taste
gustatory sense
81
explains sleep as a mechanism involved to preserve energy and provide protection during the night
preservation and protection theory
82
explains sleep as a time for necessary rest and recuperation
body restoration theory
83
process through which __ are strengthened through the repetition of neurotransmitters traveling across the same ___
long term potentiation | neural connections / synapses
84
theory that explains sleep as a side effect of the visual and motor area neurons firing during REM sleep; dreams are a result of brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity
activation-synthesis theory
85
executive control system that controls behavior and is involved in the perception of physical pain
anterior cingulate cortex
86
states that workers decide how satisfied they feel with their jobs by comparing themselves to others
equity theory
87
defines job satisfaction as a worker's sense of achieving a certain outcome based on expectancy, instrumentality, and valance
``` expectancy theory (CEO offered bonus, expectancy=ability to lead company successfully, instrumentality=bonus for achieving result, valence=size of bonus) ```

Psychology Final (9 decks)

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