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Psychology Final > Chapter 13 - Emotion & Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Emotion & Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

subjective reaction to an object, event, person, or memory

A

emotion

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2
Q

described feeling associated with emotion

A

affective component

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3
Q

free-floating emotional feeling that does not relate directly to a stimulus

A

mood

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4
Q

heightened body reaction to a stimulus

A

physiological arousal

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5
Q

outward sign that a person is experiencing an emotion

A

expressive behavior

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6
Q

brain’s remembered response to experiencing an emotion

A

cognitive experience

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7
Q

supposes that facial expressions are understood across cultures

A

universality hypothesis

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8
Q

proposes that the physiological experience of heart pounding or tears flowing causes a person to feel afraid or sad

A

James-Lange theory

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9
Q

proposes that the mental and physiological components of emotions happen simultaneously

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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10
Q

states that cognitive evaluation happens alongside a person’s physiological arousal to create the emotion experienced

A

Schacter and Singer two-factor theory

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11
Q

states that how a person perceives an environment feeds back into physiological arousal and influences what the person feels

A

Schacter’s cognition-plus-feedback

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12
Q

caused by the prior experience of a stimulus, and primes us to react in a certain way

A

exposure effect

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13
Q

essential for unconscious emotional responses

A

amygdala

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14
Q

states that if a person notices a particular physiological response, that person has to decide what it means before being able to feel an emotion

A

cognitive-appraisal theory

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15
Q

assigning the incorrect meaning to an emotion because of a particular physiological response

A

misattribution

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16
Q

part of the brain that receives sensory information, processes it, and sends it to the cortex

A

thalamus

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17
Q

pathway between the thalamus and amygdala through which the amygdala receives projections from sensory organs

A

rapid subcortical pathway

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18
Q

pathway that sends messages from the thalamus to the visual cortex and then back to the amygdala, allowing a person’s perceptions to affect his or her emotions

A

slower cortical pathway

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19
Q

part of the brain involved in auditory processing

A

temporal lobe

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20
Q

inability to interpret the significance of a sensory stimulus because of an inability to experience the correct emotional response

A

psychic blindness

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21
Q

responsible for mediating conflicting thoughts, choosing between right and wrong; essential for cognitive experience of emotion

A

prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

type of surgery in which the prefrontal area of the brain is disables, causing people to feel less intense emotions but also leaving them unable to plan or manage their lives

A

prefrontal lobotomy

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23
Q

part of the PNS that performs tasks that are not consciously controlled

A

autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

part of the ANS that tells the hypothalamus to release adrenaline to prepare the body for action

A

sympathetic division

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25
Q

part of the ANS that brings the body back to its resting state after actions caused by intense emotions

A

parasympathetic division

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26
Q

area of the brain underneath that frontal cortex that is involved in experiencing pleasure

A

nucleus accumbens

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27
Q

states that a person who makes a certain facial expression will feel the corresponding emotion, as long as the person is not feeling some other competing emotion

A

facial feedback hypothesis

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28
Q

46 unique movements involved in facial expressions that indicate emotion

A

action units

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29
Q

an exaggeration of emotions

a muting of emotions

A

intensification / deintensification

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30
Q

refers to showing one emotion while feeling another

A

masking

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31
Q

refers to showing no emotion, even though the person is actually feeling one

A

neutralizing

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32
Q

the form or shape of something

A

morphology

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33
Q

the selective perception of stimuli congruent with the emotional state of the person experiencing the stimuli

A

mood-congruent processing

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34
Q

use of cognitive strategies to control and influence a person’s own emotional response

A

emotion regulation

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35
Q

refers to a person’s imagining how he would feel about something that might not happen in the future

A

affective forecasting

36
Q

a positive or negative value along a continuum

A

valence

all emotions have a valence and also very in degree of arousal

37
Q

states that a person should express emotions to prevent those emotions from building up and exploding

A

catharsis theory

38
Q

refers to the idea that if a person is already happy, he is more likely to be helpful

A

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

39
Q

a person’s self-perceived satisfaction with life

A

subjective well-being

40
Q

phenomenon in which the things a person is currently experiencing become the norm for that person, causing the person to continually want more

A

adaptation-level phenomenon

41
Q

relates to a person’s comparison of himself to others; when the person compares himself to someone of higher/lower social standing, he feels worse/better

A

relative deprivation

42
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

motivation

43
Q

internal factors involved in motivation

external factors involved in motivation

A

dispositional forces / situational forces

44
Q

internal conditions that make a person tend toward certain goals

A

motivational states

45
Q

internal conditions that make a person tend toward certain goals; caused by departure from optimal states

A

drives

46
Q

motivation that remains in a person’s awareness /

that is not in a person’s awareness but can be easily accessed / that operates without a person’s awareness

A

conscious / subconscious / unconscious motivation

47
Q

motivation involved with striving to achieve a positive result / to avoid a negative result

A

approach / avoidance motivation

48
Q

unlearned complex behaviors with a fixed pattern throughout a species

A

instincts

49
Q

states that people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain

A

hedonic principle

50
Q

states that a person reacts when a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives him or her to reduce the need

A

drive-reduction theory

51
Q

describes a steady and balanced inner state

A

homeostasis

52
Q

seek to preserve homeostasis

initiate activities not required to preserve homeostasis

A

regulatory drives / nonregulatory drives

53
Q

emphasizes that role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior

A

social learning theory

54
Q

explains drives by understanding them as correspondence to neural activity

A

central-state theory

55
Q

set of neurons that create a drive

A

central drive system

56
Q

positive or negative stimulus in the environment

A

incentive

57
Q

task that is pleasurable in and of itself

A

intrinsic reward

58
Q

reward that is achieved through the completion of a task

A

extrinsic reward

59
Q

subjective feeling of pleasure derived from a reward

A

liking

60
Q

desire to achieve a particular goal in order to receive a reward

A

wanting

61
Q

described an act that causes a response to be more likely to occor

A

reinforcement

62
Q

neurons involved with experiencing the positive emotions associated with receiving a reward

A

reward neurons

63
Q

the brain’s reward pathway

A

medial forebrain bundle

64
Q

system involved with experiencing pleasure; does not depend on dopamine

A

liking system

65
Q

morphine like chemicals that inhibit pain and are released by the medial forebrain bundle

A

endorphins

66
Q

system involved with achieving a goal to receive pleasure; depends heavily on dopamine

A

wanting system

67
Q

arousal state in which a person has enough motivation but not so much so that she feels anxious or unable to perform

A

optimal arousal

68
Q

states in general that performance peaks with moderate levels of arousal

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

69
Q

pyramidal structure that shows the five needs that must be satisfied for a person to achieve self-actualization

A

hierarchy or needs

70
Q

needs that affect a person’s physiology, such as hunger or thirst

A

physiological needs

71
Q

feeling of being in a secure and safe environment

A

safety

72
Q

need to feel love and avoid alienation

A

belongingness

73
Q

need to feel achievement and self worth

A

esteem need

74
Q

complete feeling of self-acceptance and an awareness of fulfilling one’s unique potential

A

self-actualization

75
Q

blood sugar

A

glucose

76
Q

hormone that reduces the level of glucose in the blood

A

insulin

77
Q

hormone that brings on feelings of hunger

A

orexin

78
Q

refers to signals that stop an animal from eating

A

anorexogenic

79
Q

part of the hypothalamus that contains both appetite-stimulating and appetite-suppressing neurons

A

arcuate nucleus

80
Q

sense of taste

A

gustatory sense

81
Q

explains sleep as a mechanism involved to preserve energy and provide protection during the night

A

preservation and protection theory

82
Q

explains sleep as a time for necessary rest and recuperation

A

body restoration theory

83
Q

process through which __ are strengthened through the repetition of neurotransmitters traveling across the same ___

A

long term potentiation

neural connections / synapses

84
Q

theory that explains sleep as a side effect of the visual and motor area neurons firing during REM sleep; dreams are a result of brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity

A

activation-synthesis theory

85
Q

executive control system that controls behavior and is involved in the perception of physical pain

A

anterior cingulate cortex

86
Q

states that workers decide how satisfied they feel with their jobs by comparing themselves to others

A

equity theory

87
Q

defines job satisfaction as a worker’s sense of achieving a certain outcome based on expectancy, instrumentality, and valance

A 
expectancy theory
(CEO offered bonus, expectancy=ability to lead company successfully, instrumentality=bonus for achieving result, valence=size of bonus)

Psychology Final (9 decks)

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