Chapter 10 - Phys. Cog. & Lang. Development

Question 1

study the physical, cognitive, and social changes that people experience throughout their lives

Answer 1

developmental psychologists

Question 2

track how individuals change as they age

Answer 2

age changes

Question 3

consider how people of varying ages differ from one another

Answer 3

age differences

Question 4

consist of research conducted in order to establish norms

Answer 4

normative investigations

Question 5

amount of time that has passed since a person was born

Answer 5

chronological age

Question 6

point at which someone falls among developmental stages

Answer 6

developmental age; not necessarily related to chronological age

Question 7

collect data from different individuals at different ages in order to track age differences

Answer 7

cross-sectional data

Question 8

collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age changes

Answer 8

longitudinal studies

Question 9

immature eggs

Answer 9

ova

Question 10

toxic substances that cross the placenta and may cause birth defects

Answer 10

teratogens

Question 11

consists of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children resulting from a mother’s heavy drinking

Answer 11

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 12

emergent ability to execute physical actions

Answer 12

motor development

Question 13

tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from top to bottom

Answer 13

cephalocaudal rule

Question 14

tendency from motor skills to emerge in sequence from inside to outside

Answer 14

proximodistal rule

Question 15

period of transition from childhood to adulthood

Answer 15

adolescence

Question 16

period in which a person’s body goes through the changes that allow him or her to reproduce

Answer 16

puberty

Question 17

sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction

Answer 17

secondary sex characteristics

Question 18

sexual organs that are present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction

Answer 18

primary sex characteristics

Question 19

refers to a girl’s first menstruation

Answer 19

menarche

Question 20

refers to a boy’s first ejaculation

Answer 20

spermarche

Question 21

end of the menstrual cycles and ability to bear children

Answer 21

menopause

Question 22

described gradual sexual changes in men as they age that include declines in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation

Answer 22

andropause

Question 23

consists of mental activities associated with sensation, perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 23

cognition

Question 24

described decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus

Answer 24

habituation

Question 25

concepts or frameworks around which people organize and interpret information

Answer 25

schemas

Question 26

process in which a person processes new experiences in terms of existing schemas

Answer 26

assimilation

Question 27

process in which a person adjusts and refines his or her schemas based on new information

Answer 27

accommodation

Question 28

refers to the difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do together with a more competent person

Answer 28

zone of proximal development

Question 29

described a behavior in which a baby looks in an adult's eyes, follow the adult's gaze, and then directs his or her own gaze toward whatever the adult is looking at

Answer 29

joint visual attention

Question 30

skill or organizing information and beliefs into a series of steps leading to a conclusion

Answer 30

reason

Question 31

remembering to perform a specific action

Answer 31

prospective memory

Question 32

groups of people raised during the same time period

Answer 32

cohorts

Question 33

smallest meaningful units of language that represent the objects, events, ideas, characteristics, and relationships in that language's vocabulary

Answer 33

morphemes

Question 34

elementary vowel and consonant sounds that combine to form morphemes

Answer 34

phonemes

Question 35

refers to how phonemes may be arranged to produce morphemes

Answer 35

phonology

Question 36

refers to how morphemes may be arranges to form words

Answer 36

morphology

Question 37

refers to how words may be arranged to produce phrases and sentences

Answer 37

syntax

Question 38

described the relatively broad use of common nouns

Answer 38

overextended

Question 39

described the relatively narrow use of common nouns

Answer 39

underextended

Question 40

words that have meaning

Answer 40

content words

Question 41

words that provide structure

Answer 41

grammatical words

Question 42

theoretical mechanism that provides children with an inherent foundation for the principles of universal grammar

Answer 42

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 43

the social environment into which a baby is born

Answer 43

language-acquisition support system (LASS)