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Psychology Final > Chapter 14 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

psychologist who studies how thoughts, emotions, and behavior of individuals influence and are influenced by interactions between people

A

social psychologist

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2
Q

process through which a person understands and categorizes the behavior of others

A

social perception

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3
Q

states that a person understands other people by attributing their behavior either to their internal dispositions or their external situations

A

attribution theory

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4
Q

claim about the cause of a person’s behavior

A

attribution

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5
Q

an attribution based on a person’s personality or characteristics

A

dispositional attribution

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6
Q

process of attribution in which behavior is observed based on three characteristics: the behavior’s distinctiveness, it’s consistency, and consensus

A

covariation principle

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7
Q

a phenomenon in which people make an attribution based on character, even when they know that the behavior is situational

A

fundamental attribution error (FAE)

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8
Q

set of ideas or beliefs about others that leads a person to perceive others in a way that conforms with that person’s expectations

A

preexisting schema

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9
Q

tendency for a person to rate physically attractive people as more intelligent, competent, sociable, and sensitive that their less attractive counterparts

A

attractiveness bias

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10
Q

tendency for a person to attribute his or her failures to external events and his or her successes to personal characteristics and skills

A

self-serving bias

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11
Q

tendency for people to behave in accordance with others’ expectations

A

Pygmallion effect

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12
Q

belief that causes itself to become true

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

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13
Q

phenomenon that enables a person to influence other people to behave in accordance with his or her expectations

A

behavioral expectation confirmation

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14
Q

refers to underlying processes such as attention and memory that make social behavior possible

A

social cognition

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15
Q

area of the visual cortex that specifically responds to and recognizes faces

A

fusiform face area

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16
Q

condition caused by damage to the central region of the temporal lobe in which a person in unable to recognize faces

A

prosopagnosia

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17
Q

a person’s understanding that his or her behavior and that of others reflects a person’s mental state

A

mentalizing

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18
Q

behavioral control

A

social influence

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19
Q

consists of real or imagined psychological forces that people exert over others through their example, judgments, and demands

A

social pressure

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20
Q

a pleasurable incentive or an attempt to avoid pain that causes us to act in a certain way

A

hedonic motive

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21
Q

a person’s desire to be accepted by his or her peers

A

approval motive

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22
Q

a person’s desire to be correct or accurate

A

accuracy motive

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23
Q

refers to a person’s unconscious mimicry of other people’s expressions, behaviors, and voice tones

A

chameleon effet

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24
Q

a principle that requires people to adjust their behavior or thinking to match a group standard

A

conformity

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25
Q

influence that draws on a person’s desire for others’ approval and his or her longing to be part of a group

A

normative social influence

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26
Q

influence exerted by information that others give a person

A

informational social influence

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27
Q

a person’s susceptibility to opinions of others

A

suggestibility

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28
Q

a phenomenon in which the likelihood that a person requiring help receives it from an individual bystander is inversely proportional to the number of bystanders present

A

bystander effect

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29
Q

consists of those people to whom a person feels affiliated

A

reference group

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30
Q

situation in which people are isolated from alternative viewpoints and given strict rewards and punishments from leaders

A

total situation

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31
Q

change in a person’s behavior that occurs in response to a direct request

A

compliance

32
Q

a disconnect between a person’s internal attitudes and his external behavior

A

cognitive dissonance

33
Q

encourages compliance by offering an attractive deal, only to change the terms of the deal later

A

lowball technique

34
Q

encourages people to comply with an attractive offer by substitutes that offer with a less attractive option once the person has agreed

A

bait-and-switch technique

35
Q

involves asking people to comply with a small request and then making a much larger request, to raise funds

A

foot-in-the-door technique

36
Q

a person’s feeling that he is similar to other people in thought, feeling, and behavior

A

shared identity

37
Q

a socialized norm that involves a person’s tendency to desire to return favors

A

door-in-the-face technique

38
Q

an evaluative belief or opinion about a person, object, or idea

A

attitude

39
Q

a belief or opinion that a person holds consciously and can report to others

A

explicit attitude

40
Q

a belief or opinion that a person can’t report and that will automatically influence his or her actions

A

implicit attitude

41
Q

a deliberate effort to change an attitude or beavior

A

persuasion

42
Q

a path to persuasion that involves paying careful attention to strong, well-presented arguments that are personally relevant and that appeal to reason

A

central route

43
Q

path to persuasion that involves evaluating an argument based on tangential cues that than on the argument’s merits

A

peripheral route

44
Q

people tend to be persuaded through the central route when their motivation and ability to understand and consider the persuasive message is high, while they are more likely to be persuaded by the peripheral route when their motivation is low or when they need to make a quick decision

A

elaboration-likelihood model

45
Q

phenomenon in which it is difficult for people to shake their initial impressions

A

perseverance effect

46
Q

phenomenon that occurs when a person forgets the unreliable source of a piece of information by remembers the information itself and believes that it’s trustworthy

A

sleeper effect

47
Q

phenomenon that occurs when people believe that their individual efforts don’t matter or that they are not personally responsible because they are only one member of a group, so they tend to put less effort into a task

A

deindividuation

48
Q

phenomenon in which the more members of a group discuss similar opinions, the more extreme their positions become

A

group polarization

49
Q

phenomenon in which group member’s opinions become so uniform that all dissent becomes impossible

A

group think

50
Q

refers to the power of a few people

A

minority influence

51
Q

pain of rejection or loss brought on by losing a close personal relationship or membership in a group

A

social pain

52
Q

emotion that relates to a person’s thoughts about himself or herself and about his or her own actions

A

self-conscious emotion

53
Q

general belief about a group of people

A

stereotype

54
Q

refers to a stereotyped group’s knowledge that they must work against a negative stereotype

A

stereotype threat

55
Q

stereotype that is consciously held

A

explicit stereotype

56
Q

an unconscious set of mental representations that guide attitudes and behaviors

A

implicit stereotype

57
Q

consists of negative behavior toward a group of people and its members

A

discrimination

58
Q

group that a person is part of

A

ingroup

59
Q

group containing those people outside of one’s own group

A

outgroup

60
Q

phenomenon in which people convince themselves that they are doing well because they are good people, while those who are suffering are just getting what they deserve

A

just-world phenomenon

61
Q

consists of simple contact between two individuals or groups

A

mere exposure

62
Q

process in which learning more about an outgroup through friendship or collaboration efforts can make people more tolerant of the norms and customs of other groups

A

deprovincialization

63
Q

behavior intended to harm others

A

aggression

64
Q

states that frustration occurs when people feel blocked in obtaining their goals

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis

65
Q

disparity between people’s or groups’ actions, goals, or ideas

A

conflict

66
Q

situation in which conflicting parties all try to win a conflict by engaging in mutually destructive behaviors, resulting in no one winning

A

social trap

67
Q

systematic destruction of one group by another

A

genocide

68
Q

act of working together for the good of the group

A

cooperation

69
Q

act of promoting one’s own interest at the expense of others

A

defection

70
Q

behavior carried out with the goal of helping others

A

prosocial behavior

71
Q

prosocial behavior that is carried out without concern for one’s own safety or self interest

A

altruism

72
Q

theory that suggests that people may carry out altruistic acts with the expectation of being the recipient of altruism at some point in the future or because they have been helped by altruism sometime in the past

A

reciprocal altruism

73
Q

described the act of doing something beneficial for others in the hopes of receiving something in return

A

egoism

74
Q

describes the act of contributing something beneficial to the whole group to which a person belongs

A

collectivism

75
Q

desire to engage in prosocial behavior out of principle

A

principlism

Psychology Final (9 decks)

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