Chapter 14 - Social Psychology

Question 1

psychologist who studies how thoughts, emotions, and behavior of individuals influence and are influenced by interactions between people

Answer 1

social psychologist

Question 2

process through which a person understands and categorizes the behavior of others

Answer 2

social perception

Question 3

states that a person understands other people by attributing their behavior either to their internal dispositions or their external situations

Answer 3

attribution theory

Question 4

claim about the cause of a person’s behavior

Answer 4

attribution

Question 5

an attribution based on a person’s personality or characteristics

Answer 5

dispositional attribution

Question 6

process of attribution in which behavior is observed based on three characteristics: the behavior’s distinctiveness, it’s consistency, and consensus

Answer 6

covariation principle

Question 7

a phenomenon in which people make an attribution based on character, even when they know that the behavior is situational

Answer 7

fundamental attribution error (FAE)

Question 8

set of ideas or beliefs about others that leads a person to perceive others in a way that conforms with that person’s expectations

Answer 8

preexisting schema

Question 9

tendency for a person to rate physically attractive people as more intelligent, competent, sociable, and sensitive that their less attractive counterparts

Answer 9

attractiveness bias

Question 10

tendency for a person to attribute his or her failures to external events and his or her successes to personal characteristics and skills

Answer 10

self-serving bias

Question 11

tendency for people to behave in accordance with others’ expectations

Answer 11

Pygmallion effect

Question 12

belief that causes itself to become true

Answer 12

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 13

phenomenon that enables a person to influence other people to behave in accordance with his or her expectations

Answer 13

behavioral expectation confirmation

Question 14

refers to underlying processes such as attention and memory that make social behavior possible

Answer 14

social cognition

Question 15

area of the visual cortex that specifically responds to and recognizes faces

Answer 15

fusiform face area

Question 16

condition caused by damage to the central region of the temporal lobe in which a person in unable to recognize faces

Answer 16

prosopagnosia

Question 17

a person’s understanding that his or her behavior and that of others reflects a person’s mental state

Answer 17

mentalizing

Question 18

behavioral control

Answer 18

social influence

Question 19

consists of real or imagined psychological forces that people exert over others through their example, judgments, and demands

Answer 19

social pressure

Question 20

a pleasurable incentive or an attempt to avoid pain that causes us to act in a certain way

Answer 20

hedonic motive

Question 21

a person’s desire to be accepted by his or her peers

Answer 21

approval motive

Question 22

a person’s desire to be correct or accurate

Answer 22

accuracy motive

Question 23

refers to a person’s unconscious mimicry of other people’s expressions, behaviors, and voice tones

Answer 23

chameleon effet

Question 24

a principle that requires people to adjust their behavior or thinking to match a group standard

Answer 24

conformity

Question 25

influence that draws on a person's desire for others' approval and his or her longing to be part of a group

Answer 25

normative social influence

Question 26

influence exerted by information that others give a person

Answer 26

informational social influence

Question 27

a person's susceptibility to opinions of others

Answer 27

suggestibility

Question 28

a phenomenon in which the likelihood that a person requiring help receives it from an individual bystander is inversely proportional to the number of bystanders present

Answer 28

bystander effect

Question 29

consists of those people to whom a person feels affiliated

Answer 29

reference group

Question 30

situation in which people are isolated from alternative viewpoints and given strict rewards and punishments from leaders

Answer 30

total situation

Question 31

change in a person's behavior that occurs in response to a direct request

Answer 31

compliance

Question 32

a disconnect between a person's internal attitudes and his external behavior

Answer 32

cognitive dissonance

Question 33

encourages compliance by offering an attractive deal, only to change the terms of the deal later

Answer 33

lowball technique

Question 34

encourages people to comply with an attractive offer by substitutes that offer with a less attractive option once the person has agreed

Answer 34

bait-and-switch technique

Question 35

involves asking people to comply with a small request and then making a much larger request, to raise funds

Answer 35

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 36

a person's feeling that he is similar to other people in thought, feeling, and behavior

Answer 36

shared identity

Question 37

a socialized norm that involves a person's tendency to desire to return favors

Answer 37

door-in-the-face technique

Question 38

an evaluative belief or opinion about a person, object, or idea

Answer 38

attitude

Question 39

a belief or opinion that a person holds consciously and can report to others

Answer 39

explicit attitude

Question 40

a belief or opinion that a person can't report and that will automatically influence his or her actions

Answer 40

implicit attitude

Question 41

a deliberate effort to change an attitude or beavior

Answer 41

persuasion

Question 42

a path to persuasion that involves paying careful attention to strong, well-presented arguments that are personally relevant and that appeal to reason

Answer 42

central route

Question 43

path to persuasion that involves evaluating an argument based on tangential cues that than on the argument's merits

Answer 43

peripheral route

Question 44

people tend to be persuaded through the central route when their motivation and ability to understand and consider the persuasive message is high, while they are more likely to be persuaded by the peripheral route when their motivation is low or when they need to make a quick decision

Answer 44

elaboration-likelihood model

Question 45

phenomenon in which it is difficult for people to shake their initial impressions

Answer 45

perseverance effect

Question 46

phenomenon that occurs when a person forgets the unreliable source of a piece of information by remembers the information itself and believes that it's trustworthy

Answer 46

sleeper effect

Question 47

phenomenon that occurs when people believe that their individual efforts don't matter or that they are not personally responsible because they are only one member of a group, so they tend to put less effort into a task

Answer 47

deindividuation

Question 48

phenomenon in which the more members of a group discuss similar opinions, the more extreme their positions become

Answer 48

group polarization

Question 49

phenomenon in which group member's opinions become so uniform that all dissent becomes impossible

Answer 49

group think

Question 50

refers to the power of a few people

Answer 50

minority influence

Question 51

pain of rejection or loss brought on by losing a close personal relationship or membership in a group

Answer 51

social pain

Question 52

emotion that relates to a person's thoughts about himself or herself and about his or her own actions

Answer 52

self-conscious emotion

Question 53

general belief about a group of people

Answer 53

stereotype

Question 54

refers to a stereotyped group's knowledge that they must work against a negative stereotype

Answer 54

stereotype threat

Question 55

stereotype that is consciously held

Answer 55

explicit stereotype

Question 56

an unconscious set of mental representations that guide attitudes and behaviors

Answer 56

implicit stereotype

Question 57

consists of negative behavior toward a group of people and its members

Answer 57

discrimination

Question 58

group that a person is part of

Answer 58

ingroup

Question 59

group containing those people outside of one's own group

Answer 59

outgroup

Question 60

phenomenon in which people convince themselves that they are doing well because they are good people, while those who are suffering are just getting what they deserve

Answer 60

just-world phenomenon

Question 61

consists of simple contact between two individuals or groups

Answer 61

mere exposure

Question 62

process in which learning more about an outgroup through friendship or collaboration efforts can make people more tolerant of the norms and customs of other groups

Answer 62

deprovincialization

Question 63

behavior intended to harm others

Answer 63

aggression

Question 64

states that frustration occurs when people feel blocked in obtaining their goals

Answer 64

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 65

disparity between people's or groups' actions, goals, or ideas

Answer 65

conflict

Question 66

situation in which conflicting parties all try to win a conflict by engaging in mutually destructive behaviors, resulting in no one winning

Answer 66

social trap

Question 67

systematic destruction of one group by another

Answer 67

genocide

Question 68

act of working together for the good of the group

Answer 68

cooperation

Question 69

act of promoting one's own interest at the expense of others

Answer 69

defection

Question 70

behavior carried out with the goal of helping others

Answer 70

prosocial behavior

Question 71

prosocial behavior that is carried out without concern for one's own safety or self interest

Answer 71

altruism

Question 72

theory that suggests that people may carry out altruistic acts with the expectation of being the recipient of altruism at some point in the future or because they have been helped by altruism sometime in the past

Answer 72

reciprocal altruism

Question 73

described the act of doing something beneficial for others in the hopes of receiving something in return

Answer 73

egoism

Question 74

describes the act of contributing something beneficial to the whole group to which a person belongs

Answer 74

collectivism

Question 75

desire to engage in prosocial behavior out of principle

Answer 75

principlism