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Flashcards in Chapter 13-Natural History and Scientific Investigation Deck (42)
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1
Q

Who was the man who said that man cannot trust his senses for an understanding of physical reality but taught that we learn by “remembering” knowledge gained through countless cycles of reincarnation

A

Plato

2
Q

Who put together a system known as the doctrine of ideas?

A

Plato

3
Q

What was the doctrine stated that we learn by “remembering” knowledge gained through countless cycles of reincarnation?

A

Doctrine of ideas

4
Q

Who said that intellectual speculation is the highest form of reality and is elevated by biologists today for his achievements in defining interrelationships among living things?

A

Aristotle

5
Q

Who developed the doctrine of intellect?

A

Aristotle

6
Q

What doctrine states that intellectual speculation is the highest form of reality and a personal God is left out of the picture?

A

Doctrine of intellect

7
Q

Who was the Roman General who wrote prolifically in his spare time and wrote the scientific work Natural History?

A

Pliny the Elder

8
Q

What was the scientific work by Pliny the Elder that touchdown many scientific subjects including the nature of the heavens, technology, zoology, botany, mineralogy, and medicine?

A

Natural History

9
Q

Who was the Greek physician who stressed direct observation as the key to science and his work became the absolute authority in human anatomy for over 1000 years?

A

Galen

10
Q

What was the group who are driven from Byzantium because of doctrinal disagreements with the religious leaders there, and had some beliefs that were not in line with the Scriptures, but they did have enough interest in truth to preserve learning?

A

Nestorian Christians

11
Q

What is the idea that living things can arise from nonliving things?

A

Spontaneous generation

12
Q

Who was the most famous early Hebrew naturalist who was the king of Israel who ruled around 1000 B.C. And the Bible says that God made him wiser than “all the children of the east country and all the wisdom of Egypt”?

A

Solomon

13
Q

The ideas of creation without a Creator where perhaps man’s first attempt at developing a philosophy of origins called:

A

Evolution

14
Q

What was the one important benefit of Roman civilization?

A

The spread of knowledge

15
Q

Who was the protestant pastor and schoolmaster who wrote “Living Picture of the Nerve” for the use of physicians and apothecaries, who used plants for medicinal purposes?

A

Otto Brunfels

16
Q

Who was the man who taught at the Protestant University in Tübingen, who wrote “The Natural History of Plants” where he accurately illustrated and describe about 500 medicinal plants?

A

Leonhard Fuchs

17
Q

Who was the Swiss naturalist whose primary contributions to science were a five-volume work called “History of Animals” and his botanical work called the “Opera Botanica,” and was probably the best-educated naturalist of his day?

A

Konrad Gesner

18
Q

Who is the man who presented to the world his book on the structure of the human body and wrote “Fabrica,” and is called the “Father of Anatomy”?

A

Andreas Vesalius

19
Q

What is the field of the study of the function of body structures?

A

Physiology

20
Q

Who was the English physician and great physiologist who was known for his classic work on the circulation of blood through the body?

A

William Harvey

21
Q

What is the idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspects?

A

Materialism

22
Q

Who was a Puritan clergymen who led in the formation of Philosophical College, and was a leading member in the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge?

A

John Wilkins

23
Q

What was the group led by many Puritans, and was created to repudiate the unbelieving ideas of materialistic philosophers who said that man could arrive at all knowledge through science?

A

Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge

24
Q

What was founded in Paris in 1666, and was supported largely by Huguenots and Jansenists?

A

French Academy of Science

25
Q

What was the group of Calvinist French Catholics who emphasized salvation through God’s love and grace?

A

Jansenists

26
Q

Was the most outstanding Jansenist and a great mathematician and scientist?

A

Blaise Pascal

27
Q

What is the term that means living Atoms?

A

Animacula

28
Q

Who published his work “Micrgraphia,” in which he described the cells of cork, and was the first to devote an entire book exclusively to microscopic observations?

A

Robert Hooke

29
Q

Who was the first person to devote his whole life to studies with the microscope?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

30
Q

What theory maintains that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come from pre existing cells?

A

Cell theory

31
Q

What special process do scientists employ to solve scientific problems?

A

Scientific method

32
Q

The scientific method is a form of ______________ (reasoning from the specific events in nature to their general causes) that involves the activities of theorizing, observing, and experimenting.

A

Inductive reasoning

33
Q

What are tentative solutions to a scientific problem?

A

Hypotheses

34
Q

What does the biologist use which are experiments in which all factors are identical except the one being tested?

A

Controlled experiments

35
Q

What is the one factor being tested in an experiment?

A

Variable

36
Q

In an experiment, what is the thing that was not treated?

A

Control group

37
Q

When a hypothesis has passed the test of many well-designed experiments and has the support of other scientists, it is referred to as:

A

Theory

38
Q

If a theory stands the test of time and is verified by experiment after experiment, it may be referred to as a:

A

Scientific law

39
Q

Who was the Italian physician who was one of the first scientists to present evidence against spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi

40
Q

Who in the 19th century, was the French scientist who conducted experiments which marked the end of spontaneous generation as a scientific possibility, and his experiments showed that not even the simplest of organisms can develop from nonliving matter?

A

Louis Pasteur

41
Q

What is the important scientific concept that states that living things can know come from other living things; it is impossible for nonliving substances to change into even simple living things?

A

Law f biogenesis

42
Q

What is the idea that science can find answers for all the problems in life?

A

Scientism