Chapter 21-Variety in the World of Invertebrates

Question 1

What are the three distinguishing features of the mollusks?

Answer 1

Foot
Visceral hump
Mantle

Question 2

What is the distinguishing feature of the mollusk that is used for locomotion?

Answer 2

Foot

Question 3

What is the distinguishing feature of the mollusk that contains the internal organs?

Answer 3

Visceral hump

Question 4

Why is the distinguishing feature of the mollusk that is a skinlike organ which covers the visceral hump and, in most species, produces a calcium carbonate shell for protection?

Answer 4

Mantle

Question 5

What are the most familiar classes of the mollusks?

Answer 5

Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods

Question 6

What is one of the most familiar classes of mollusks, is also called univalves, are the stomach-footed mollusks, and examples would be the snail, slug, and whelk?

Answer 6

Gastropods

Question 7

What is one of the most familiar classes of mollusks, are the two-shelled mollusks, and some examples would be the clam, mussel, oyster, and scallop?

Answer 7

Bivalves

Question 8

What is one of the most familiar classes of mollusks, are the head-footed mollusks, and some examples would be the squid, octopus, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus?

Answer 8

Cephalopods

Question 9

If an irritating foreign substance becomes lodged in the mantle of a bivalve, the animal secretes thin sheets of nacre around the foreign object. The sheets of nacre build up around the irritant and eventually form a:

Answer 9

Pearl

Question 10

What is the largest group of water animals on earth which include soft-bodied, boneless creatures as clams, oysters, slugs, squids etc., and are distinguished by a foot, visceral hump, and a mantle?

Answer 10

Mollusks

Question 11

The two shells of a bivalve are connected by hinges that look like small teeth and are held together by two very strong:

Answer 11

Adductor muscles

Question 12

One of the most critical activities for a bivalve is a movement of water into and out of its _________________, the open chamber in which the gills are located.

Answer 12

Mantle cavity

Question 13

What takes water into the mantle cavity to the gills, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged?

Answer 13

Incurrent siphon

Question 14

The incurrent siphon takes water into the mantle cavity to the gills, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Most of this water then passes out through the:

Answer 14

Excurrent siphon

Question 15

What are gastropods often called because most of them have a single shell?

Answer 15

Univalves

Question 16

What is the gastropod that looks like a snail without a shell?

Answer 16

Slug

Question 17

What are the marine slugs that are noted for their brilliant colors and elaborate plume like gills extending from their sides and back?

Answer 17

Nudibranches

Question 18

The mouth of a univalve contains a _____________, a rough, file-like organ that scrapes food and carries it like a conveyor belt into the digestive tract.

Answer 18

Radula

Question 19

What are some examples of head-foot mollusks called cephalopods?

Answer 19

Squids
Octopuses
Nautiluses

Question 20

What are the spiny-skinned invertebrates, examples being starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars?

Answer 20

Echinoderms

Question 21

Echinoderms are the only animals with a ________________, a complex system of water-filled tubes that extends throughout the body.

Answer 21

Water-vascular system

Question 22

What are the arms of the starfish which extend from a central disk like spokes in a wheel called?

Answer 22

Rays

Question 23

On the underside of each ray of the starfish are two double rows of _______________, which are used for holding onto things, moving, and opening shells of clams and oysters.

Answer 23

Tube feet

Question 24

What is the largest invertebrate?

Answer 24

Giant squid

Question 25

What are perhaps the smallest multicellular animals that are the microscopic invertebrates found in freshwater lakes and ponds?

Answer 25

Rotifers

Question 26

Some of the female rotifer's eggs are _______________, which means they require no fertilization.

Answer 26

Parathenogenic

Question 27

What are the hollow-intestined invertebrates, and examples include jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydras?

Answer 27

Coelenterates

Question 28

What are the stinging cells that the coelenterates possess?

Answer 28

Cnidocytes

Question 29

What is a cylindrical body type of a coelenterates which is sessile and has a mouth facing upward, and examples of this form are hydras, sea anemones, and corals?

Answer 29

Polyp

Question 30

What is a free-swimming, umbrella-shaped body type which has its mouth facing downward, an example would be an adult jellyfish?

Answer 30

Medusa

Question 31

Because millions of corals live together in colonies, the limestone cups eventually form vast limestone structures called:

Answer 31

Coral reefs

Question 32

What are the only multicellular animals which do not have at least a rudimentary nervous system?

Answer 32

Sponges

Question 33

Water and waste materials flow out of the sponge through the osculum; an opening of this type through which water leaves an organism is called an:

Answer 33

Excurrent pore

Question 34

Water enters the sponge through very small pores, or ______________, which are located in the sides of the animal.

Answer 34

Incurrent pores

Question 35

The inner layer of cells, which line the body cavity, are called ____________ in the sponge because of their unusual shape.

Answer 35

Collar cells

Question 36

Situated within the mesoglea of the sponge are special cells which manufacture ______________, the crystalline support structures of the sponge.

Answer 36

Spicules

Question 37

What kind of worms include earthworms, sea worms, and leeches, and have cylindrical bodies which are divided into many consecutive ringlike segments?

Answer 37

Segmented worms

Question 38

Earthworms have four pairs of __________, or bristles, on each body segment. The worm can extend or retract these structures as necessary, and can regenerate lost ones.

Answer 38

Setae

Question 39

What are examples of the segmented worms?

Answer 39

Earthworms Sea worms Leeches

Question 40

The earthworm has ten "hearts" or __________________, arranged in five pairs near the earthworm's head.

Answer 40

Aortic arches

Question 41

What are the coiled excretory tubes which are open at both ends and which function like tiny kidneys, and eliminate liquid wastes from the earthworm's body?

Answer 41

Nephridia

Question 42

All sea worms have a pair of fleshy lobes called _______________ on each body segment, and assist in movement and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Answer 42

Parapodia

Question 43

What are the wormlike animals with flattened bodies?

Answer 43

Flatworms

Question 44

Each planarian (free-living flatworm) has two light-sensitive ________________, which are responsible for the planarian's nickname, "the cross-eyed worm."

Answer 44

Eyespots

Question 45

What is the most familiar type of fluke that has a typical life cycle, lives in the liver and then the gallbladder of a sheep, and releases its eggs from the gallbladder into the intestine?

Answer 45

Sheepliver fluke

Question 46

What is the liver disease prevalent in certain areas of nations in southeast Asia, and occurs when a certain liver fluke moves to a crab or fish and when seafoods are eaten raw or undercooked, as they often are in Asian countries, the fluke matures in the human liver?

Answer 46

Clonorachiasis

Question 47

What kind of worms are nonsegmented animals which have low and slender bodies covered by a thin cuticle, and some examples being a filaria worm, hookworm, trichina worm, and ascaris worm?

Answer 47

Roundworms

Question 48

What are some examples of the roundworm?

Answer 48

Filaria worm Hookworm Trichina worm Ascaris worm

Question 49

The filaria worm inhabits the vessels of the lymphatic system and produces a serious condition called _____________, in which the worms block the lymph vessels, causing tremendous swelling of the legs and other extremities.

Answer 49

Elephantiasis

Question 50

What is the disease caused by a parasitic roundworm, and humans become infected with it usually through eating poorly cooked pork that is infested with roundworm's cysts?

Answer 50

Trichinosis

Question 51

What are the tiny animal-like creatures composed of a single cell, and most of these creatures are microscopic?

Answer 51

Protozoa

Question 52

What are the four major groups of protozoa?

Answer 52

Flagellates Sarcodines Ciliates Sporozoans

Question 53

A euglena, which is a flagellate, does not have a cell wall like a plant, but it's long and somewhat cylindrical body is covered by a thickened membrane called a ________________, which acts as a cell wall.

Answer 53

Pellicle

Question 54

A euglena, which is a flagellate, moves freely about by means of its __________________, a whiplike filament which is located on its anterior end.

Answer 54

Flagellum

Question 55

The euglena has a method of movement which is found in no other organism, when the body itself changes shape, and the posterior end is drawn forward, giving the body a rounded shape, and the anterior end is stretched forward, moving the organism and returning it to its original shape?

Answer 55

Euglenoid movement

Question 56

What asexual method of reproduction do euglenas chiefly reproduce by?

Answer 56

Binary fission

Question 57

Trypanosoma is a parasitic flagellate which is transmitted to humans by bites from the:

Answer 57

Tsetse fly

Question 58

Trypanosoma is a parasitic flagellate which is transmitted to humans by bites from the tsetse fly, and the disease which it causes is:

Answer 58

African sleeping sickness

Question 59

What is perhaps the most common of the sarcodines?

Answer 59

Amoeba

Question 60

To move, an amoeba, which is a sarcodine, continually pushes out fingerlike projections of its cell membrane called _________________, or "false feet," which give the organism an ever-changing, irregular body outline, and are used for locomotion and for ingesting food particles.

Answer 60

Pseudopods

Question 61

One harmful species of amoebas, which are sarcodines, causes a sickness known as ___________________, which is common in areas of the world where unsanitary conditions prevail. And these amoebas feed on the wall of the human intestine and also ingest red blood cells, causing bleeding ulcers.

Answer 61

Amoebic dysentery

Question 62

What produce shells made of calcium carbonate, and large masses of these protozoans may be compressed together under certain conditions to form chalk or other types of limestone?

Answer 62

Foraminifera

Question 63

What are protozoa that secrete intricate shells made of silica?

Answer 63

Radiolaria

Question 64

What is the genus that is part of the Ciliate?

Answer 64

Paramecium

Question 65

Members of the genus Paramecium, which is a Ciliate, can be distinguished by their unique slipper shape and the ______________ (hairlike projections) which cover them on all sides.

Answer 65

Cilia

Question 66

A paramecium, which is a ciliate, possesses a _________________, (large nucleus) which controls the basic activities of the organism.

Answer 66

Macronucleus

Question 67

A paramecium, which is a ciliate, possesses a ________________, (small nucleus) and functions in reproduction.

Answer 67

Micronucleus

Question 68

Embedded in the cortex of the paramecium, which is a ciliate,are ________________, which are dartlike structures which the paramecium shoots out when it is attacked or (sometimes) when it is feeding.

Answer 68

Trichocysts

Question 69

What is the the mouth cavity of the paramecium, which is a ciliate, called, and resembles a funnel?

Answer 69

Oral groove

Question 70

In the paramecium, which is a ciliate, undigested food particles are released at the ________________, this is difficult to see because it is closed except when in use.

Answer 70

Anal pore

Question 71

Paramecia, which are ciliates, reproduce in two ways: by fission and by ________________, when two paramecia exchange nuclear materials.

Answer 71

Conjugation

Question 72

What are the spore-forming protozoa that are almost all parasites requiring two hosts, and these organisms are responsible for several disease and are transmitted from one host to another by mosquitoes, ticks, and flies?

Answer 72

Sporozoans

Question 73

What is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world caused by sporozoans, and infects an estimated 300 million people each year and causes 1.5 million deaths, and is caused by sporozoa of the genus Plasmodium and us transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito?

Answer 73

Malaria

Question 74

What is the name for the segmented worms?

Answer 74

Annelids

Question 75

What is the name for the flatworms?

Answer 75

Platyhelminthes

Question 76

What is the name for the roundworms?

Answer 76

Nematodes