Chapter 13 PPT : Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What are endocrine glands?
A
They are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Act only on target cells
2
Q
What are exocrine glands?
A
Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
3
Q
Exocrine glands deliver their products directly to a
A
specific site
4
Q
What glands secrete messenger molecules?
A
Paracrine Secretions (Affect Nearby Cells) and Autocrine secretions (affect cells that secrete the substances)
5
Q
Endocrine glands secrete hormones into
A
body fluids
6
Q
Exocrine glands secrete substances into
A
outside environment
7
Q
What two systems function in communication?
A
Nervous and Endocrine
8
Q
Nervous system releases
A
neurotransmitters into synapsees
9
Q
Endocrine system secretes
A
hormones into bloodstream
10
Q
Nervous and Endocrine communicate via
A
chemicals that bind to receptor molecules
11
Q
Cells of the Nervous System?
A
Neurons
12
Q
Cells of the Endocrine System?
A
Glandular Epithelium
13
Q
Chemical Signal of Nervous System?
A
Neurotransmitter
14
Q
Chemical Signal of Endocrine System?
A
Hormone
15
Q
Specificity of Action of Nervous system?
A
Receptors on Postsynaptic Cell
16
Q
Specificity of Action on Endocrine System?
A
Receptors on target cells
17
Q
Speed of onset for nervous system?
A
1 second
18
Q
Speed of onset for endocrine system?
A
seconds to houors
19
Q
Duration of action for nervous system?
A
Very brief, unless neuronal activity continuees
20
Q
Duraction of action for endocrine system
A
May be brief or may last for days even if secretion ceases
21
Q
Endocrine system is ___ in that only ______
A
precise,
target cels respond to a specific hormone
22
Q
Target cells contain particular
A
receptors for the hormone. These receptors are not present on other cells
23
Q
Many hormones are produced by what larger endocrine glands?
A
Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas
24
Q
Small Group of cells that produce hormones?
A
Ovary, Testis, Kidney, Pineal Gland
25
What are the two types of hormones?
Steroid or Steroid-Like Hormones
Non-Steroid Hormones
26
What are steroids?
Lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms
27
All steroid hormones are produced from
cholesterol
28
Examples of Steroids?
Sex Hormones (Testosterone, Estrogens), and Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Cortisol, Aldosterone)
29
Four types of Non-Steroid Hormones?
Amines
Proteins
Peptides
Glycoproteins
30
What are Amines?
Derived from Tyrosine (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine)
31
What are Proteins?
Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormones)
32
What are Peptides?
Short chains of amino acids (oxytocin)
33
What are glycoproteins
Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)
34
Examples of Peptides?
ADH, OT, TRH, SS, GnRH
35
Examples of Proteins?
PTH, GH, PR
36
Examples of Glycoproteins?
FSH, LH, TSH
37
Examples of Steroids?
Estrogens, Testosterone, Aldosterone, Cortisol
38
Hormones exert effects by
altering metabolic processes
39
Hormones may alter
enzyme activity and alter rate of membrane transport of a substance
40
Hormones deliver messages by
binding to their receptors on/in target cell
41
Hormones can affect changes in
target cells, even in extremely low concentration
42
Hormones: Number of receptors determines
strength of response, and can be changed to alter the response
43
What is Upregulation?
Increase in number of receptors on target cell in response to a decrease in hormone level
44
What is downregulation?
Decrease in number of receptors on target cell, due to an increase in hormone level
45
Steroid and Thyroid hormones have poor
water-solubility
46
Steroid hormones can diffuse through
lipid bilayer of cell membranes
47
Thyroid hormones are thought to enter cell by
specific transport methods. They bind to receptors inside cell
48
Nonsteroid hormones cnanot penetrate the
lipid bilayer of cell membranes
49
Nonsteroid hormones bind to
receptors on the target cell membrane
50
Nonsteroid Hormone is considered a
first messenger
51
Chemical that induces changes leading to hormone effect is considered a
second messenger
52
Many nonsteroid hormones use
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger
53
The entire process of chemical communication, from outside cells to inside, is called
signal transduction
54
What is Erythropoietin used for?
Used to increase the number of red blood cells and oxygen delivery to muscles
55
Prostaglandins are what type of substances?
Paracrine
56
Prostaglandins potency?
Very potent in small amount
57
Prostaglandins are not stored in cells, but synthesized just
before release
58
Prostaglandins; what happens after use?
rapidly inactivated?
59
Prostaglandins regulate
cellular responses to hromones
60
Prostaglandins can activate or inhibit
adenylate cyclase;
to control cAMP product and alter a cells response to hormones
61
Prostaglandins have a wide variety of effects such as
contracting or relaxing msooth muscle
stimulating or inhibiting secretion
regulating blood pressure
controlling movement of h20 and Na+ in kidneys
promoting inflammation
62
Hormone secretion is primarily controlled by
negative feedback mechanisms
63
Hormones effects can be (time duration)
short-lived or may last for days
64
Hormone secretiosn are precisely
regulated
65
Hormones are excreted in the
urine after exerting their effects
66
Hormones can be broken down by
enzymes, mainly from the liver, to stop their effects
67
A small number of cases of hormone control involve
positive feedback, mainly in reproductive system
68
What is negative feedback?
A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
69
What are the 3 methods in which negative feedback controls hormone secretion
Tropic Hormones
Nervous System Control
Changes in Composition Of Internal Environment
70
What is a Tropic Hormone?
Hormones that act on other glands, to regulate their hormone secretion
71
What is a Nervous system Control?
Nervous system directly stimualtes some glands to secrete their hormones (Via nerve impulseS)
72
What is a Changes in composition of internal environment?
Changing levels of a specific substance in the blood (ion, glucose) stimiulates or inhibits secretion or certain hormones
73
Pituitary gland lies at the
base of the brain, in the sella turcica of spenoid bone
74
Pituitary Gland attached to
hypothalamus by pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
75
Pituitary Gland consists of 2 distinct portions
Anterior Lobe and Posterior Lobe
76
Pituitary Gland: How does Anterior Lobe Regulation work
Hypothalamic releasing hormones are transporting through the Hypophyseal Portal System, and stimulate cells of anterior lobe to release hormones
77
Pituitary Gland: How does Posterior Lobe Rgulation work?
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus travel through the infundibulum and stimulate nerve endings in posterior libe to release hormones
78
The hypothalamus, which is an endocrine gland, controls hormone secretion from
peripheral endocrine glands via 3-step pathways
79
Each hypothalamic releasing hormone acts on
specific hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitry gland
80
Anterior pituuitary hormone acts on cells in a
peripheral endocrine gland, to stimulate its secretions
81
Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland consists of
glandular epithelial tissue
82
Anterior Pituitary Hormones are produced in the
anterior lobe by 1-5 types of secretory cells
83
Each anterior lobe hormone is released in response to a releasing hormone from teh hypothalamus, some are inhibited by
inhibiting hormones form the hypothalamus
84
What are Some Anterior Pituitary Hormones?
```
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
```
85
Growth hormone targets what?
Bone
Muscle
Adipose Tissue
86
Prolactin targets what?
Mammary Gland
87
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone targets what?
Adrenal Cortex
88
Lutenizing Hormone targets what
Ovary
89
Follicle Stimulating Hormone targets what?
Testis
90
What does the growth hormone do?
Stimualtes cells to enlarge and divide rapidly, increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, decreases rate fo carbohydrate usage, increase rate of fat useage
91
What does Prolactin do?
Promotes milk production in females, uncertain function in males
92
What does Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone do?
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
93
What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone do?
Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
94
What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone do?
Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females, sperm production in males
95
What does Lutenizing Hormone cause?
Causes ovulation in females, sex hormone production in both genders
96
How is TSH controlled?
Controoled by level of TRSH from the hypothlamus Also controlled by negative feedback
97
How does Hypopituitary Dwarfism occur?
Caused by deficiency of growth hormone during childhood.
Short stature, but body proportions and mental development are normal
98
What is Gigantism?
Caused by oversecretion of GH during childhood.
Height may exceed 8 feet. Often caused by pituitary tumor
99
What is Acromegaly?
Caused by oversecretion of GH during adulthood, after epiphyseal ossification, bones thicken.
Enlargement of tongue, nose, hands, feet, jaw, heart, thyroid gland
100
Posteroid lobe of pituitry gland consists of nerve fibers from
hypothalamus and neuroglia, unlike glandular epithelium of anterior lobes
101
Posterior Pituitary Hormones : 2 Hormoens are produced yby
neurons in the hypothalamus, and stored and released by this
102
Posterior Pituitary Hormones The two hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary gland via the
pituitary stralk
103
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
ADH, Vasopressin and OXxytocin
104
What does ADH/Vasopressin do?
Decreases urine production by reducing volume of H2O the kidneys excrete, also causes vasoconstriction to increase bp
105
What does Oxytocin do?
Causes muscle conraction in uterine wall during childbirth, milk ejection during lactation, has no known functions in males
106
Thyroid Gland has the special ability to remove
idoine from blood
107
Thyrid Gland produces
T4 (Thyroxine)
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
Calcitonin
108
What cells product T3 and T4
Follicular
109
What produces Calcitonin?
Extra or Parafollicular Cells
110
Thyroid is composed of round secretory units called
follicles
111
Each follicle is surrounded by
a single layer of follicular cells
112
What does T4 do?
Increases rate of energy released from carbohydrates
increases rate of protein synthesis
accelerates growth
necessary for normal nervous sytem maturation
113
T4 source of control?
TSH from the anterior pituitary gland
114
What does T3 do?
Same as T4, but five times for potent
115
T3 source of control?
TSh form teh anterior pituitary gland
116
What does Calcitonin do?
Lowers blood calcum and phosphate ion contentration by inhibiting release of calcium and phosphate ions form bones and by increasing the rate at whcihc alcium and phosphate ions are deposited into bones
increases secretion of calcium by the kidneys
117
Calcitonin source of control?
Elevated blood calcium ion concentration,, digestive hormones
118
Hyperthyroid diseases?
Hyperthyroidism
GRaves Disease
119
Hypothyroid Diseases?
Hashimoto Disease
Hypothyroidism (Infantile)
Hypothyroidism (Adult)
Simple Goiter
120
What is Hyperthyrodism
High metabolic rate
sensitivity to heat
restlessness
hyperactivity
weight loss
121
What is Graves Disease?
Autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors on thyroid cell membranes
122
What is Hashimoto disease?
Autoantibodies destroy thyroid cells
123
What is Hypothyroidism (infantile)
stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, intellectual disability
124
What is Hypothyroidism (adult)
Low metabolic rate
Sensitivity to cold
Sluggishness
Poor Appetite
125
What is Simple Goiter?
Deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency
126
Parathyroid glands located on
posteiror surface of the thyroid gland
127
Parathyroid Glands secretes what hormone?
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
128
PTH regulates
Ca and PO4 concentrations in blood
129
Actions of PTH: Ca and Po4
Increase level of blood Ca
Decrease level of blood PO4
130
Actions of PTH: EXerts these effects by acting on
bone, kidneys and intenstines
131
Actions of PTH: Indirectly stiualtes absorption of
Ca by stimulating a step in Vitamin D metabolism
132
PTH acts on kidney to cause final step in production of
Active Vitamin D
133
Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms
Fatigue
Muscular Weakness
Painful Joints
Altered Mental Status
Depression
134
Hyperparathyroidism Cause
Tumor
135
Hyperparathyroidism Treatment
Remove tumor, correct bone deformities
136
Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms
Muscle Cramps and Seizures
Decreased PTH secretion reduces osteoclast activity
Diminishing Blood Calcium Ion Concentration
137
Hypoparathyroidism Cause
Inadvertent surgical removal, injury
138
Hypoparathyroidism Treatment
Calcium salt injections, massive doses of Vitamin D
139
Adrenal glands are also called
suprarenal glands
140
Adrenal glands are closely associated with the
kidneys
141
Adrenal glands sit like
cap on each kidney
142
Adrenal Glands: Hormones secreted from what two areas?
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
143
Adrenal Glands: How many hormones secreted ere?
Numerous
144
Adrenal Glands: Play roles in maintaining
blood sodium levels and responding to stress. They also include certain sex hormones
145
Adrenal Cortex makes up
outer portion of gland and secretes steroid hormones
146
Adrenal medulla makes up
central portion of gland, and secretes amine hormones
147
What two hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
148
Epinephrine affect on heart
Heart Rate increases, force of contraction increases
149
Epinephrine affect on blood vessels
vasodilation, especiall important in skeletal muscle at onset of fight of flight
150
Epinephrine affect on systemic blood pressure
some increase due to increased cardiac output
151
Epinephrine affect on airways
dilation
152
Epinephrine affect on reticular formaiton of brainstem
activated
153
Epinephrine affect on liver
Promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose , increasing blood sugar level
154
Epinephrine affect on metabolic rate
increases
155
Norepinephrine effect on heart
heart rate increases, force of contraction increases
156
Norepinephrine effect on blood vessels
vasoconstriction in skin adn viscera shifts blood flow to other areas such as exercising skeletal muscle
157
Norepinephrine effect on systemic blood pressure
some icnreased due to increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
158
Norepinephrine effect on airways
some dilation
159
Norepinephrine effect on reticular formation of brainstem
little effect
160
Norepinephrine effect on liver
little effect on blood glucose level
161
Norepinephrine effect on metabolic rate
increases
162
Adrenall Cortex produces
steroid hormones
163
Some of the Adrenal Cortex hormones are vital to
maintaining life
164
Most important hormones of the adrenal cortex are
Aldosterone, Cortisol
165
Aldosterone action
Helps regulate the concentraiton of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions adn excreting potassium ions
166
Aldosterone factors regulating secretion
Plasma potassium and sodium ion cocnentrations and reninangiotensin system
167
Cortisol Action
Decrease protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, adn stimulates glucose sythesis from noncarbohydrates
168
Cortisol factors regulating secretion
CRH from the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACH) fromt he aterior pituitary gland
169
Adrenal Androgen Action
Supplement sex hormones form the gonads; may be converted into estrogens
170
Adrenal Androgens Factors Regulting Secretion
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary plus unknown factors
171
Three zones of the Adrenal Cortex?
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
172
Where is the Zona Glomerulosoa located?
Outer Zone
173
What does the Zona Glomerulosa produce?
Aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids
174
Where is the Zona Fasciculata located?
Middle Zone
175
What does the Zona Fasciculata produce?
Cortisol and OTher Glucocorticoids
176
Where is the Zona Reticularis located
Inner Zone
177
What does the Zone Reticularis produce?
Produces male sex hormones
178
What does the RAAS system do?
Helps maintain normal blood pressure
179
What does Angiotensin II do?
Increases blood pressure, and promotes secretion of aldosterone
180
What does aldosterone conserve?
Na, and H2O is retained by osmosis.
181
Addison disease is due to
insufficient hormone secretion from adrenal cortex
182
Addison disease results in
electrolyte and glucose imbalances, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, nausea, and increased skin pigmentation
183
Addison disease can be
fatal, due to severe electrolyte imbalance
184
Cushing Syndrome due to
hypersecretion of cortisol, because of adrenal tumor, or excess secretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary
185
Cushing Syndrome results in
muscle wasting, loss of bone, elevated blood glucose, Na+ retention, H2O retention by osmosis, increased blood pressure, puffy skin, abnormal deposition of adipose tissue in face and back
186
Pancreas has how many major types of secretory tissue?
2
187
Pancreas is what type of gland?
Endocrine and Exocrine
188
Endocrine function
Secretes hormones into body fluids
189
Exocrine Function?
Secrete digestive juices through a ducr
190
How many and what hormones are secreted from endocrine cells?
Alpha, Beta, Delta
191
Alpha cells secrete
glucagon
192
Beta cells secete
insulin
193
Delta cells secrete
somatostatin
194
What does the pancreas look like?
Elongated, flattened organ
195
Pancres location?
Posterior to the stomach
196
What does the pancreatic duct transport?
Digestive juice to the duodenum
197
Endocrine portion of Pancreas consists of
groups of cells called Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
198
Glucagon Action?
Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose ; stimulates breakdown of fats
199
Glucagon source of control
Blood glucose concentration
200
Insulin Action
PRomotes formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydraes into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration
201
Insulin source of control
Blood glucose concentration
202
Somatostatin Action?
Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of insulin and glucagon
203
Somatostatin source of controlled?
Not known
204
Simple Insulin action?
Decreases blood glucose, when it is too high
205
Glucagon simple action definition
Increase blood glucose, when it is too low
206
Diabetes Mellitus results from lack of
insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin
207
Diabetes Mellitus : Elevated blood glucose can damage
eyes, heart, kidney, nerves
208
Diabetes Mellitus : Results in
disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
209
Diabetes Mellitus : Insulin promotes
glucose uptake by adipose and muscle cells
210
Diabetes Mellitus In diabetes, carbohydrates cannot enter
cells in normal quantities
211
Diabetes Mellitus , without carbohydrates, what does this result in?
Hyperglycemia , or high blood glucose
212
Diabetes Mellitus : Signs of this?
Weight decline, hunger increases, fatigue increases, wounds do not heal well, growth stops in children
213
Diabetes Mellitus: Glucose spills into
urine, and H2O follows by osmosis leading to dehydration and thirst
214
Type I usually begins before
age of 20
215
Type 1 Diabetes is what type of disease?
Autoimmune disease, with immune system destroying beta cells of pancreas
216
Type 1 results in a lack of
insulin production
217
PErcentage of cases in Type 1
5-10%
218
What happens in Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin produced, but body cells are unable to recognize it
219
Type 2 Milder than
Type 1
220
Type 2 complications include
coronary artery disease, erve or retinal damage
221
Type 1 administration requires administration of
insulin
222
Insulin cn be obtained from
pigs and cows
223
Human insulin can be synthesized using
recombinant DNA technology; insulin is producecd by genetically altered bacteria
224
Type 2 Diabetes treatment?
Low carbohydrates, high protein diet
Regular exercise
Gastric bypass surgery
225
Has you grow older, endocrine glands
decrease in size
226
As you get older, what happens to ADH?
ADH levels increase increase due to slower elimintion by liver and kidneys
227
As you get older, what happens to Calcitonin?
Decrease, increasing risk of osteoporosis
228
What does the Pineal Gland do?
Secretes melatonin
Regulates circadian rhythms
229
What does the Thymus gland do?
Secretes thymosins
Promotes development of T-Lymphocytes
Important in role of immunity
230
What do the ovaries produce?
Estrogens and Progesterone
231
What do the Testes produce?
Testosterone
232
What does the Placenta produce?
Estrogens, Progesterone, and a Gonadotropin
233
When sensory receptors detect changes, they send
nerve impulses to the hypothalamus
234
The hypothalamus activates
sympathetic nervous sytem and increases secretion of adrenal hormones
235
Factor capable of initiating this response is a
stressor
236
Stress is the condition produced in response to
stressors
237
Hypothalamus controls
response to stress
238
Response is called
General Adaptation
General Stress Syndrome
239
What are teh two stages of General Stress Syndrome?
Alarm Stage
Resistance Stage
240
What is the Alarm Stage?
Immediate/ Fight or Flight
Epinephrine intensifies and prologns these responses
241
What is the Resistance Stage?
Long-Term
Increased cortisol spares glucose for brain
Glucagon and GH mobilize energy sources for other tissues
ADH and Renin cause water retention
