Chapter 14 PPT: Blood Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
Blood is a type of
A
connective tissue suspended in liquid matrix
2
Q
Blood distributes
A
heat
3
Q
BLood is what percentage of body weight?
A
8%
4-5 L in Females
5-6 L In Males
4
Q
Blood Cells consist of what formed elements?
A
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
5
Q
What does a blood sample look like?
A
Plasma on Top
Buffy Coat (WBCs and PLatelets in middle)
Red Blood Cells on bottom
6
Q
% Plasma in blood?
A
55
7
Q
% WBC in blood?
A
WBCs
8
Q
% WBCs and Platelets in Blood?
A
<1%
9
Q
Percentage of RBCs is called the
A
Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
10
Q
What are universal precautions?
A
Set of specific safety measures taken by healthcare workers to prevent transmission of bloodborne infectious pathogens in the workplace
11
Q
What is Hematopoiesis?
A
Formation of blood cells
12
Q
Blood cells originate in
A
red marrow from hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells
13
Q
Stem cells are able to do what?
A
Give rise ot more stem cells
Give rise to more specialized or differentiated cells
14
Q
What do Lymphoid Stem cells do?
A
Give rise to lymphocytes
15
Q
What do Myeloid Stem cells do?
A
Give rise to all other types of formed elements: red blood cells, other types of white blood cells
16
Q
RBCs are also called
A
Erythrocytes
17
Q
How much of a red blood cell is oxygen?
A
1/3 is hemoglobin
18
Q
Red blood cells lack
A
nuclei and mitochondria
19
Q
Red blood cells cannot
A
divide
20
Q
red blood cells can
A
produce atp through glycolysis
21
Q
RBC range in males?
A
4.7-6.1
22
Q
RBC range in females
A
4.2 - 5.4
23
Q
RBC range in children
A
4.5-5.1
24
Q
What is Erythropoiesis
A
RBC formation
25
Erythropoiesis occurs in
red bone marrow
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Erythropoiesis: Low blood O2 causes kidney adn liver to release
EPO (erythropoietin) which stimulates RBC production
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Erythropoiesis: order
HEmocytoblast -->Erythoblasts --> Retinculocytes --> Erythrocytes
28
Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid required for
DNA synthesis, necessary for growth and divison of cells
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Iron required for
hemoglobin synthesis
30
Vitamin B12 absorbed from
small intestine
31
Iron absorbed from
small intestine
conserved during rbc destruction and made available for resuse
32
Folic Acid source
small intestine
33
folic acid funciton
dna synthesis
34
What is Anemia?
Condition in whihc the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, due to deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin
35
What does Aplastic anemia do?
Damage bone marrow
36
What does Hemolytic anema do?
REd blood cells destroyed
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What does Iron Deficiency Anemia do?
Hemoglobin deficient
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What does Pernicious Anemia do?
Excess of large, fragile cells
39
What does Sickle Cell Disease do
Red blood cells abnormally shaped
40
What does Thalassemia do?
Hemoglobin deficient; red blood cells short lived
41
What do WBCs do?
Protect against disease
42
WBCs produced in
red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins and colony-stimulating factors
43
What are granulocytes?
Have granular cytoplasm, and short life span
44
What falls under GRanulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Baseophils
45
What are Agranulocytes?
Do not have noticeable granules
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What falls under Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
47
What do Neutrophils look like?
Small, light purple granules.
Lobed Nucleus 2-5 sections
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Neutrophils are the first to arrive at
infection sites
49
Neutrophils are what percentage of leukocytes?
54-62%
50
Neutrophils are elevated in
bacterial infections
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Eosinophil appearance?
Coarse granules , stain deep red
Bi-lobed nucleus
52
Eosinophils appear in
moderate allergic reactions
53
Eosinophils defend against
parasitic worm infections
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Eosinophils make up
1-3% of leukocytes
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Eosinophils elevated in
parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
56
Basophils appear as
Large graules; stain deep blue.
57
Basophils release
histamine to stimulate inflammation
| Release heparin to stop blodo from clotting
58
Percentage of basophils?
>1% of leukocytes
59
What are monocytes?
Largest of WBCs
60
Monocytes leave bloodstream to become
macrophages
61
Percentage of Monocytes?
3-9%
62
Monocytes live fro
weeks to months
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Monocytes phagocytize
bacteria, dead cells, debris
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Lymphocyte size?
Slightly larger than RBCs, smallest WBC
65
Major types of Lymphocytes?
T Cells and B cells
66
T Cells directly attack
pathognes, tumor cells
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B Cells produce
antibodies
68
Percentage of Leukocytes?
25-33%
69
Lymphocytes may live for
years
70
What is Diapedesis?
WBCs can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and leave blood vessel; then migrate toward infection site
71
What is Cellular Adhesion Molecules?
Protections that direct leukocytes to injury sites
72
What is Phagocytosis?
Engulfing and digestion of pathognes; neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocyes
73
What is the Inflammatory Response
Reaction that restricts spread of infection;
Promoted by basophils, by secretion of heparin and histamine ;
Involves welling and increased capilalry permeability
74
What is Positive Chemotaxis?
Attention ofWBCs to an infection site by chemicals released by damaged cells
75
Neutrophils respond to a bacterial invasion by
accumulating in the infection site, and destroying the pathogens by phagocytosis
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WBC count is usually
3.5 - 10.5
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WBC count in Leukocytosis?
>10.5
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What is Leukocytosis?
Acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluid
79
What is Leukopenia
Typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps
Low WBC count
80
WBC count in Leukopenia?
<3.5
81
What increase during a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
82
What decreases in HIV infection?
Helper T Cells
83
Elevated lymphocyte results in what illness
Hair Cell Leukemia
Whooping COugh
84
Elevated Eosinophils results in
Tapeworm
Allergic Reaction
85
Elevated Monocytes result in
Typhoid fever
Malaria
TB
86
Elevated Neutrophils results in
Bacerial Infections
87
Too many helper T Cells results in
AIDS
88
What is Leukemia?
CAncer of white blood cells
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What is Lymphoid Leukemia?
Cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes
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What is Myeloid Leukemia?
Cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow
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Symptoms of Leukemia?
```
Excess number of WBCS
Fatigue
Headache
Nosebleeds
Fever
```
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Treatment for Leukemia?
Traditional Cancer Treatments
Drugs hat target enzymes specific to cancer cells
Bone marrow or stem cell transplants
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What are platelets (thrombocytes?)
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (stem cells in red bone marrow)
94
Platelets produced by
hemocytoblasts in response to the hormone, hrombopoietin
95
Plaelets order?
Hemocytoblast --> Megakaryocyte --> Thrombocytes
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Normal Platelet count level?
1.5 - 3.0
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PLatelets help in what?
Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) in damaged blood vessels, by sticking to broken surfaces
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Platelets release what?
Serotonin, which causes smooth muscles in walsl of broken blood vessels to contract
99
What is blood plasma?
Liquid portion of blood. 55% of blood volume and 92% water
100
Plasma contains
organic and inorganic chemicals
101
Blood PLasma ransports
nutrients, gases, hromones, and vitamins
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Blood plasma helps regulate
fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain ph
103
Plasma proteins are the most abdundant
dissolved substances in plasma
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Albumins percentage of protein?
60%
105
Albumin plasma origin?
Liver
106
Albumin plasma protein function
Help maintain colloid osmotic pressure
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Most important blood gases?
Oxygen and CO2
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What are some PLasma Nutrients?
AMino Acids
Simple Sugar
Nucleotides
Lipids (Fats, Phosspholipids, Cholesterol)
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What does NPNs stand for?
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances
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What are NPNs
Molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not protein
111
In plasma, NPNs include
```
Urea
Uric Acid
Amino Acid
Creatine
Creatinine
BUN
```
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NPNs: Urea is the
product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPNs
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NPNs: Uric Acid is the
product of nucleic acid catabolism
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NPNs: Amino acids product f
protein digestion
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NPNs: Creatine stores
energy in phosphate bonds; regerates ATP in muscles
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NPNs: Creatinine product of
creatine metabolism
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NPNs: BUN indicates
health of kidney (if level is too high, this indicates that hte kidney is not excreating urea in normal quantity)
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Plasma contains ions called
electrolytes, since they ionize in water and can conduct electricity
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Electrolytes are absorbed from
the intestine or released as by-products of cellular metabolism
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What Electrolytes found in blood plasma?
```
Sodium,
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Sulfate
```
121
What are the most abdundant electrolytes?
Sodium and Chloride
122
Hemostasis refers to
the stoppage of bleeding
123
Actions that limit or prevent blood loss include
Blood Vessel (Vascular) Spasm
Platelet PLug Formation
Blood Coagulation
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Vascular Spasm stimulated by
cutting or breaking a small blood vessel
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Vascular Spasm: Smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
rapidly
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Vascular Spasm: Slows blood loss
very quickly, and ends of vessel may close completely
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Vascular Spasm: Triggered by
stimulation of the blood vessel wall, painr eceptor reflexes
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Vascular Spasm: Response lasts
a few minutes, but effect continues for 30 minutes
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Vascular Spasm: This allows time for a platelet plug to form and blood to
coagulate
130
Vascular Spasm: Serotonin released from platelets causes
vasoconstriction which further helps to reduce blood loss
131
PLatelet Plug Formation triggered by
exposure of platelets to collagen. Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug
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Blood Coagulation: Most effective
hemostatic mechanism, occurs within 5 to 15 minutes
133
Blood Coagulation: Form blood clot in series of reactions, in which eact step
activates next one. This is called a cascade
134
Blood Coagulation: Activated by two different methods:
Extrinsic or Intrinsic clotting mechanism
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Blood Coagulation: Many chemicals used in coagulation are called
clotting factors
136
Blood Coagulation: Vitamin K necessary for functioning of some of the
clotting factors
137
Blood Coagulation: Coagulation depends on balance between
procoagulants and anticoagulants
138
Blood Coagulation: MAjor event is conversion of
soluble fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin, which traps blood cells
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Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Triggered by
blood coming in contact with tissues outside of blood vessels or damaged wall of blodo vessel
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Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Damaged tissues release
tissue thromboplastin (factor iii) which is not found in blood
141
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Cascade begins, involving
sequential activation of several clotting factors
142
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: thrombin converts
fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
143
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Fibrin threads stick to
damaged blood vessel surfaces, and trap blood cells and platelets. This mass is a blood clot
144
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: can start without
tissue damage
145
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Activated when
blood comes in contact with foreign surface, such as collagen, in connective tissue, instead of endothelium of blood vessel wall
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Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Triggered by
Hageman Factor XII (found inside blood)
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Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: As in extrinsic clotting mechanism, this begins
sequential activation of several clotting factors
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Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Results in the same way as
exrinsic clotting mechanism, with formation of a fibrin mesh and a blood clot
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After a blood clot forms, it
retracts and pulls the edges of a broken blood vessel together while squeexing serum from the clot
150
Serum =
plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors
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Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates
smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls
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Plasmin digests
fibrin threads, and dissolves the blood clot
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A thrombus is an
abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel
154
An embolus is a
blood clot moving through the blood vessels
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Thrombosis is a
blood clot in a vessel supply a vital organ
156
Infarction is the
death of tissues which have blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formaiton
157
Embolism is when a
blood clot that travels, and then blocks a blood vessel in an organ
158
Atherosclerosis is the
accumulation of fat in arterial linings can sometimes cause abnormal clot formation; a common form of thrombosis
159
Deep Vein Thrombosis is
a clot formation due to pooling of stagnat blood, mainly in femoral or popliteal veins, or deep veins
160
Serious complication of DVT is a
pulmonary embolism
161
what is a pulmonary embolism?
A blood clot travels through circulation, and lodges in a pulmonary blood vessel, resulting in loss of function in affected portion of lung
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Syptoms of DVT
Deep Muscle Pain
Cramping
Redness
Swelling
163
As a clot forms, what happens?
Fibrin absorms thrombin and prevents the clotting reaction from spreading
164
Prevention of Coagulation: Antithrombin inactivates
additional thrombin by binding it to and blocking its actions on fibrinogen
165
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Smooth lining of blood vessel action
Prevent activation of intrinsic blood clotting mechanism
166
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Prostacyclin Action
Inhibits adherence of platelets to blood vessel wall
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Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Fibrin threads action
absorbs thrombin
168
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Antithrombin in plasma action
Interferes with the action of thrombin
169
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Heparin from mast cells and basophils action
Interfers with the formation of prothrombin activator
170
Blood types are distinguished by
proteins on the surface of red blood cells, and these can be determined by the proteins or byy the genes that encode them
171
What is a Antigen?
Any molecule that envokes an immune response
172
If immune systme finds a foreign antigen in the body, it produces
antibodies against the antigen
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What are antibodies?
Proteins that react against a specific antigen
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What is Agglutination?
Clumping of RBCs which occurs when an antibody encounters its specific antigen
175
ABO blood group is based on
the presence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes: Antigen A and Antigen B
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Antigens A and B are
carbohydrates
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Blood Type A Antigen
A
178
Blood Type B Antigen
B
179
Blood Type AB Antigen
A and B
180
Blood Type O Antigen
Neither A or B
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Blood Type A Antibody
Anti-B
182
BLood Type B Antibody
Anti-A
183
Blood Type AB Antibody
Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
184
Blood Type O Antibody
Both Anti-A and Anti-B
185
What is Aglutination?
When RBCs come in contact with antibodies against them, they will agglutinate (clump together)
186
What is the Universal Donor?
Type O
187
Type O lacks
A and B Antigens so they can be donated to a person with ny blood type
188
What is the Universal Recipient?
Type AB
189
Type AB lacks both
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies so an indvidual with type AB can receive donor RBCs of any type
190
RH blood group was named for the
rhesus monkey
191
RH group includes several antigens or factors, but most importtant one is
Antigen A
192
RH postiive is the
presence of Antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC membranes
193
RH negative does not
have Rh antigens on RBCmembranes
194
Anti-RH antibodies form only in
Rh-Negative individuals in response to the presence of red blood cells with Rh antigens
