Chapter 13 The Endocrine System A&P

Question 1

is the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood stream

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

which produce hormones, do not have ducts

Answer 3

endocrine glands

Question 4

what are the 13 glands that make up the Endocrine system

Answer 4

pituitary gland
pineal gland thyroid gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland (4)
thymus
pancreas (pancreatic islets)
adrenal glands (2)
gonads (2)

Question 5

or hypophysis, is a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior lobe

Answer 5

pituitary gland

Question 6

what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary

Answer 6

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
growth hormone (GH)
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone  (ICSH)
lactogenic (prolactin) hormone (LTH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 7

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

Answer 7

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 8

stimulates the secretion of estrogens and the growth of ova in the ovaries of the female. in the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles

Answer 8

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 9

also known as somatotropic hormone, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

Answer 9

growth hormone (GH)

Question 10

stimulates ovulation in females. in the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone

Answer 10

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 11

also known as prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretions of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

Answer 11

lactogenic hormone (LTH)

Question 12

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation

Answer 12

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 13

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

Answer 13

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 14

what two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 14

antidiuretic (ADH)

oxytocin (OXT)

Question 15

is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

Answer 15

antidiuretic (ADH)

Question 16

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. stimulates flow of milk from mammary glands

Answer 16

oxytocin

Question 17

is a very small endocrine gland, also known as the pineal body

Answer 17

pineal gland

Question 18

influences the sleep-wakefullness portions of the circadian cycle

Answer 18

melatonin

Question 19

refers to the biological functions that occur within a 24-hour period

Answer 19

circadian rhythm

Question 20

lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage

Answer 20

thyroid gland

Question 21

describes all of the body processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients, including the rate at which they are used

Answer 21

metabolism

Question 22

the hormones that regulate metabolism

Answer 22

thyroxine (T4)

triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 23

produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood

Answer 23

calcitonin

Question 24

each of which is about the size of a grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid

Answer 24

parathyroid glands

Question 25

works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 25

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 26

is located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity

Answer 26

thymus

Question 27

plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

Answer 27

thymosin

Question 28

is a feather shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

Answer 28

pancreas

Question 29

are those part of the pancreas that have endocrine function

Answer 29

pancreatic islets

Question 30

known as blood sugar, basic form of energy by the body

Answer 30

glucose

Question 31

is a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose. increases the glucose level

Answer 31

glucagon

Question 32

hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose.

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

which are known as the suprarenals, are so named because they are located on top of each kidney

Answer 33

adrenal glands

Question 34

are mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood

Answer 34

electrolytes

Question 35

are sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

Answer 35

androgens

Question 36

are the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Answer 36

corticosteroids

Question 37

is a corticosteroid that regulates the salt and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

Answer 37

aldosterone

Question 38

has an anti-inflammatory action. regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates. stress hormone

Answer 38

cortisol

Question 39

known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or mental stress such as fear

Answer 39

epinephrine

Question 40

is both a hormone and a neurohormone. it is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system. raises blood pressure, strengthens heartbeat, and stimulating muscle contractions

Answer 40

norepinephrine

Question 41

are gamete-producing glands

Answer 41

gonads

Question 42

refer to the features that distinguish the two sexes, but are not directly related to reproduction

Answer 42

secondary sex characteristics

Question 43

is the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult

Answer 43

puberty

Question 44

is the early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys

Answer 44

precocious puberty

Question 45

is a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

Answer 45

estrogen

Question 46

is the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary

Answer 46

progesterone

Question 47

is a reproductive cell. sperm in the male and egg in the female

Answer 47

gamete

Question 48

is any hormone that stimulates the gonads

Answer 48

gonadotropin

Question 49

is a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of the male secondary sex characteristics

Answer 49

testosterone

Question 50

are a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

Answer 50

steroids

Question 51

are man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones. used in the treatment of hormone problems in men and to help the body replace muscle mass lost due to disease

Answer 51

anabolic steroids

Question 52

is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

Answer 52

leptin

Question 53

are produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the blood stream.

Answer 53

neurohormones

Question 54

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

Answer 54

endocrinologist

Question 55

is a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

Answer 55

certified diabetes educator

Question 56

often produces hormones in large and unregulated amounts

Answer 56

functioning pituitary tumors

Question 57

do not produce any significant amounts of these hormones

Answer 57

non-functional pituitary tumors

Question 58

meaning without taste, referring to the relatively low sodium

Answer 58

insipidus

Question 59

is a combination of medical conditions, including increased blood pressure, elevated insulin levels, excess body fat around the waist, or abnormal cholesterol levels

Answer 59

metabolic syndrome

Question 60

is a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults

Answer 60

type 1.5 diabetes

Question 61

means present, but not visible

Answer 61

latent

Question 62

are lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause a goiter

Answer 62

thyroid nodules

Question 63

means that the pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin

Answer 63

insulin deficiency

Question 64

means that insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively

Answer 64

insulin resistance

Question 65

lower blood sugar by causing the pancreas to release more insulin or increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin

Answer 65

oral hypoglycemics

Question 66

are similar medications work within the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood sugar into the cells

Answer 66

glucophage (metformin hydrochloride)

Question 67

is a sugary substance that can quickly be absorbed into the bloodstream

Answer 67

oral glucose

Question 68

occurs because excess blood sugar makes the walls of the blood vessels stick and rigid

Answer 68

heart disease

Question 69

can lead to renal failure because damage to the blood vessels reduces blood flow through the kidneys

Answer 69

kidney disease

Question 70

is damage to the nerves affecting the hands and feet

Answer 70

peripheral neuropathy

Question 71

also known as an Epi Pen, is a device used to inject a measured dose of epinephrine

Answer 71

epinephrine autoinjector

Question 72

is a synthetic form of oxytocin that is administered to induce or speed up labor

Answer 72

pitocin