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Anatomy > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

The membranes of the gastrointestinal tract (GI)

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, periotoneum

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2
Q

Mucosa and tissues

A

Innermost layer that lines the lumen cavity. Esophagus - stratified squamous and stomach, small and large intestine - simple columnar

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3
Q

Submucosa tissue

A

Connective

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4
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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5
Q

Periotoneum

A

Protective serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs. Visceral and parietal tissues

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6
Q

Steps of digestion:

A 
Oral cavity
Trip to stomach
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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7
Q

Structures of the oral cavity

A 
Teeth
Tonsils
Uvula
Tongue
Salivary glands
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8
Q

Teeth

A

Chew the food

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9
Q

Tonsils

A

Trap and filter bacteria

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10
Q

Uvula

A

Keeps food from going up the nose

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11
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

Taste buds, mixes food with saliva to form a bolus, initiates swallowing

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12
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secretes saliva to begin digestion. Different types : submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands

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13
Q

Composition of saliva

A

Water, mucus, antibody, enzymes

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14
Q

Lysozyme

A

Destroys bacteria / pathogens

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15
Q

Amylose

A

Breaks down starches

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16
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down the fats

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17
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for the food into the esophagus; no digestion

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18
Q

Epiglottis

A

The lid to the larynx. Blocks the opening to the trachea during swallowing

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19
Q

Esophagus

A

Passageway to stomach; no digestion

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20
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Prevents air from entering the esophagus during respiration

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21
Q

Cardioesophageal sphincter

A

Prevents backflow of stomach acid from entering the esophagus

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22
Q

How does the pharynx and esophagus send food down to the stomach?

A

Peristalic muscle contractions

Muscle tissue : smooth muscle
Control of peristalsis : medulla oblongata

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23
Q

Peristalsis

A

Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract

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24
Q

Four parts of the stomach

A

Cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus

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25
Cardiac
Region nearest the heart
26
Fundus
Expanded portion that bulges upward toward the thoracic cavity
27
Body
Central part of the stomach
28
Pylorus
Narrow section that joins to the small intestine
29
Sphincters of the stomach
Cardioesophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter
30
Cardioesophageal sphincter
Allows food to enter into the stomach from the esophagus
31
Pyloric sphincter
Allows food to enter into the small intestine from the stomach
32
Rugae
Large folds that line the interior of the stomach and expand during a meal and collapse when the stomach empties
33
Gastric gland pits
Depressions located along the surface of the stomach that secrete substances to aid in digestion
34
Mucus neck cells
Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining
35
Chief cells
Secrete an inactive digestive enzyme called pesinogen
36
Parietal cells
Secretes HCL, pH2, and an intrinsic factor which allows for vitamin B12 absorption
37
Importance of hydrochloric acid (HCL)
Kills pathogens Inactivates naturally occurring enzymes in food, breaks down plant cells walls and the connective tissue in meat, and converts pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin
38
Pepsin
Breaks down protein
39
Functions of the stomach
Provides temporary storage for food, mechanical digestion by breaking down food, chemically digests proteins, and formation of chyme
40
Chyme
Semisolid mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice
41
3 sections of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
42
Duodenum (12 fingers)
First section of small intestine where the majority of digestion occurs
43
Jejunum (empty)
Devoted to nutrient absorption
44
Ileum
Nutrient absorption and colon preparation
45
Functions of the small intestine
Food digestion (most happens here), nutrient absorption, and prevention of infection
46
Structural modifications of small intestine
Plicae, villi, microvilli, and Peyers patches
47
Plicae
Permanent deep folds of both the mucosa and the submucosa membranes; are the largest intestinal folds. Function is to increase surface area
48
Villi
Small finger-like projections along the pilcae that result from the folding of the mucosa membrane
49
Inside each villus is an immune system structure called a
Lacteal
50
Lacteal structure
Comprised of a lymphatic vessel surrounded by a capillary bed
51
Function of the villi
Increase surface area and absorb fat and remove pathogens
52
Microvilli
Tiny projections of the plasma membrane on each cell of the villus
53
Functions of the microvilli
Increase surface area for nutrient absorption and secrete digestive enzymes
54
Peyers patches
Regions of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucosa or the submucosa layer of the intestinal tract
55
Peyers patches are similar in structure and function to
Lymph nodes
56
Function of Peyers patches
To destroy bacteria that accumulates in the intestinal tract
57
Additional organs involved in small intestine digestion
Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, duodenum
58
Main region of the small intestine involved in digestion
Duodenum
59
Function of pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes from a duct into the duodenum of the small intestine
60
What does the pancreas secrete?
A biocarbonate solution which neutralizes the HCL stomach acid and amylase, professes, lipases, and nucleases
61
Amylase
Starch digestion
62
Proteases
Protein digestion
63
Lipases
Fat digestion (lipids)
64
Nucleases
Nucleic acids
65
Liver and gall bladder
Secrete bile
66
Functions of bile
Emulsifies fats, breaks down fats into smaller droplets to increase surface area for lipase to work
67
Ileocecal valve
The valve that controls the entrance of the undigested food into the cecum of the large intestine
68
Cecum
Trash compactor, functions to compact the undigested material
69
Appendix
A finger-like projection of the cecum that contains lymphatic tissue. Function is to remove pathogens
70
Colon
Longest section of the large intestine and includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
71
Rectum
Empties into the anal canal. Function is temporary storage of fecal material
72
Anal canal and anus
Opens to the exterior to allow waste out of body
73
External voluntary sphincter
Skeletal muscle
74
Internal involuntary sphincter
Smooth muscle
75
Unique characteristics of the large intestine
Lacks villi and microvilli Contains large numbers of goblet cells Lots of intestinal flora (mostly good bacteria)
76
Function of the large intestine
Removes water from indigestible food Stores and empties feces from the body Absorbs vitamins

Anatomy (12 decks)

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