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Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Integument means

A

Covering

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2
Q

Three layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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3
Q

Three components of the integumentary system

A
  • three layers of skin
  • sweat glands and oil glands
  • hair and nails
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4
Q

Six functions of the integumentary system

A

Water resistance, protection, waste removal, synthesis of vitamin D, absorption of fat, temperature regulation

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5
Q

Waterproofing substances

A

Glycolipid and keratin

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6
Q

Types of protection

A

Mechanical damage, chemical damage, pathogens (bacteria), UV radiation – protection provided by the pigment melanin, thermal damage

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7
Q

Absorption of fat soluble substances

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K and steroid drugs

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8
Q

Two types of temperature regulation

A

Heat loss – cooling of the body, heat retention – warming of the body

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9
Q

Cooling the body

A

Loss of heat through sweat glands, opening capillaries

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10
Q

Warming the body

A

Decreases blood flow to the skin, insulation through fat, close capillaries

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11
Q

Epidermis tissue

A

Stratified squamous (keratinized)

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12
Q

Function of keratin

A

Prevents water loss, insoluble

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13
Q

Dermis tissue

A

Dense fibrous tissue and areolar (vascular)

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14
Q

Hypodermis tissue

A

Adipose, very vascular

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15
Q

Functions of hypodermis

A

Insulation from cold, energy storage, cushion for underlying tissues

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16
Q

Five layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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17
Q

Function of basal cells

A

Replace keratinocytes that are shed from the surface, transfer nutrients from the capillaries in the dermis to the rest of the dermis

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18
Q

Function of stratum spinosum

A

Immunity; prevent pathogens from reaching the stratum basal or dermis

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19
Q

Granulosum

A

Flat and squamous, lose the nucleus

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20
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hand

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21
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Superficial, cells are shed as dandruff, outermost layer

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22
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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23
Q

Papillary layer location

A

Location: top region of the dermis just below the epidermis

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24
Q

Papillary layer function

A

Keeps the epidermis and dermis from sliding over each other and separating, prevents blisters

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25
How do you blisters develop
When the epidermis and dermis are separated
26
Reticular layer contains
Blood vessels and temperature receptors, sweat gland and sebaceous glands, pressure and pain receptors, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, phagocytes
27
Structure of the reticular layer
Contains many fibers of collagen and elastin
28
What pigment determines the color of skin, hair and eyes
Melanin
29
Two main types of melanin
Dark melon – black or brown pigment Light melanin – yellow – orange or red – yellow pigment
30
Skin color inheritance
Skin color is determined by three genes Each time a dominant allele is added the skin gets a little darker as more melanin is produced
31
Other factors affecting skin color
Amount of carotene – gives skin and orange tint
32
Carotene
A yellow – orange pigment found in carrots and other yellow, orange, or leafy green vegetables Gets deposited in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis
33
Amount of hemoglobin protein in the blood
Paler – skinned people can take on a pinkish or reddish tint to their skin
34
The primary function of hair
Protection
35
Structure of hair
Produced by the stratum basale cells of the hair follicle
36
Hair shaft
Visible part of hair above the epidermis
37
Hair root
Hair below the epidermis
38
Hair papilla
Structure at the base of the hair route; tissue from the dermis
39
Hair papilla contains
Blood supply for the hair root
40
Germinal matrix
Region of cells directly above the hair papilla that actually produce the hair
41
Cuticle
Outermost protective layer of hair; prevents matting of hair
42
Arrector pili
Smooth muscle that connects to hair follicle; vestigial organ - no longer needed
43
Arrector pili is
Responsible for goosebumps to prevent heat loss
44
Nails
Formed when epidermal cells filled with keratin and become hard and plate-like
45
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands that produce oil called sebum
46
Location of sebaceous glands
Everywhere except the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands
47
Sebaceous glands empty into
Hair follicles
48
Function of sebaceous glands
Softens and moistens the skin, keeps hair from becoming brittle, kills bacteria
49
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
50
Eccrine glands
More numerous; located everywhere, active throughout life
51
Eccrine glands empty into
Pores directly onto skin
52
Eccrine glands function
Heat regulation
53
Eccrine composition
NACL, potassium, water, vitamin c, urea, and lactic acid
54
Apocrine glands location
Located in armpits, genitals and nipples
55
Apocrine glands
Become active during puberty and empty into hair follicles
56
Apocrine glands function
Some heat regulation and possible unknown function
57
Apocrine glands composition
Everything in normal sweat in addition to fatty acids and proteins
58
To life-threatening complications associated with burns
Loss of body fluids – immediate problem and infections – long-term problem
59
Four causes of burns
Heat, sun, chemicals, electricity
60
ABCDE's of skin cancer
Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, elevation
61
Asymmetry
Moles should be symmetrical
62
Border
Moles should be smooth and round
63
Color
Moles should be a single color
64
Diameter
Diameter should not be greater than a pencil eraser
65
Elevation
Moles should not increase in height or form bumps
66
Three types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
67
Most common type of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
68
Most dangerous type of skin cancer
Melanoma
69
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer forms in the stratum spinosum layer, rarely fatal
70
Two types of UV waves
UVA – long UV waves and UVB – short UV waves
71
UVA waves cause
Wrinkling and aging of the skin
72
UVB waves cause
Skin cancer and sunburn

Anatomy (12 decks)

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