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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

For main components of the skeletal system

A
  1. Bones
  2. Ligaments and tendons
  3. Cartilage
  4. Joints
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2
Q

Difference between ligaments and tendons

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone, and tendons connect muscle to bone

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3
Q

3 types of connective tissue for structure in the skeletal system

A

Osseous, cartilage, dense fibrous

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4
Q

Five functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Protection
  2. Structure and support
  3. Movement
  4. Hematopoiesis: blood production
  5. Storage: fat, calcium, phosphorus
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5
Q

Classification of bones

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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6
Q

Two divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

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7
Q

Parts of the axial division

A

Skull, ribs, spine

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8
Q

Parts of the appendicular division

A

Arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdles

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9
Q

Total number of bones in the body

A

206

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10
Q

Total number of facial bones

A

14

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11
Q

Total number of cranial bones

A

8

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12
Q

Total number of bones in the arms, wrists, and hands

A

60

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13
Q

Total number of bones in the legs, ankles, and feet

A

60

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14
Q

Total number of bones in the neck, spine, and torso

A

64

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15
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft; long part of the bone

Contains yellow marrow that stores adipose tissue

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

Rounded ends of the long bone

Contains red bone marrow

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17
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

A plate of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to grow in length

In between epiphysis and diaphysis

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18
Q

Endosteum

A

Dense fibrous membrane inside the disphysis

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane of the dense fibrous connective tissue along outside of bone

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20
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Outside of epiphysis

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21
Q

Spongy bone

A

Red marrow, inside epiphysis

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22
Q

Compact bone

A

Diaphysis, endosteum and yellow marrow cavity

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23
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Secrete the bone matrix, build bone

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24
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells:
Found in bone matrix, within lacunae
Maintain bone matrix
Form from osteoblasts that trap themselves in bone matrix

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25
Osteoclasts
Break down bone Chomp bone Multinucleated, phagocytic cells
26
Organelles in osteoblasts
Ribosomes, rough ER, golgi
27
Organelles in osteoclasts
Lysosomes
28
Endochondral ossification
Forms most bones in the body
29
Intramembranous ossification
Forms flat bones and the outside of all bones
30
Endochondral ossification: long bone growth
Occurs at the epiphyseal plates, inside the diaphysis Spongy bone Grows in length
31
Appositional growth: width
Occurs alongside the outside of the diaphysis Compact bone Grows in width
32
PTH stimulates _ to break down bone
Osteoclasts
33
After a period of around 3 weeks, _ activates _ to build bone
PTH, osteoblasts
34
Osteoblasts trap themselves in the bone matrix resulting in the formation of
Osteons
35
PTH
Secreted when blood calcium is too low; stimulates osteoclasts to chomp bone and later stimulates osteoblasts to build bone.
36
Why does bone remodeling continue to occur in an adult?
We continue to break down and build bone on a cyclic basis after the end of puberty
37
Calcitonin
Secreted when blood calcium is too high; results in bone formation by inhibiting osteoclasts
38
Growth hormone
Secreted by pituitary gland; stimulates osteoblasts
39
Estrogens and androgens
Stimulates osteoblasts
40
Vitamin A
Stimulates osteoblasts to build bone
41
Vitamin C
Needed by the osteoblasts for collagen production
42
Vitamin D
Needed by the body for calcium absorption
43
Why are babies born with fontanels?
1. Allow the skull to change shape and deform so it can fit through the birth canal 2. Allow the infants brain to continue to grow
44
When do most fontanels fuse?
24 months
45
What are fontanels?
Unfused fibrous membranes between skull bones in the fetus
46
2 most important things to prevent changes to the skeleton
1. Diet | 2. Exercise
47
Osteoporosis
Post-menopausal women lose the ability to produce estrogen, resulting in fragile bones
48
Major risk factors of osteoporosis
Post-menopausal, family history, small-framed Caucasian and Asian women Poor nutrition, lack of exercise, smoking
49
Results of osteoporosis:
Fragile bones when bone failed to be replaced Loss of height as vertebrae collapse
50
Symptoms of osteoporosis
1. Swelling and joint pain 2. Increased risk of fracture 3. Curving of the spine
51
Treatments for osteoporosis
1. Quit smoking 2. Exercise 3. Estrogen 4. Biphosphates
52
Why are women more susceptible to developing osteoporosis than men?
Women stop producing estrogen around age 50 whereas men continue to produce testosterone until age 80.
53
Acute infectious arthritis
Can affect any age | Sudden onset and temporary
54
Cause if acute arthritis
Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
55
Result of acute arthritis
Joint membrane thickens and fluid production increases
56
Symptoms and treatment of acute arthritis
Joint pain, swelling, and fever Antibiotics
57
Gout arthritis
Chronic | Mostly affects males over 30
58
Cause of gout arthritis
Too much uric acid in the blood
59
Result of gout arthritis
Uric acid is deposited in joint cavities
60
Symptoms and treatment of gout
Burning pain, stiffness and swelling Ibuprofen, and other anti-inflammatory drugs Overweight, too much alcohol, diets high in meat and fish
61
Osteoarthritis
Most common form of arthritisk Affects all aging adults
62
Cause of osteoarthritis
Articular cartilage weakens and breaks down with age
63
Result of osteoarthritis
Exposed bone thickens and bone spurs form restricting joint movement
64
Symptoms and treatment for osteoarthritis
Joint pain and swelling Aspirin, exercise
65
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic, autoimmune disease Trigger is unknown; possibly viral or bacterial Usually between 40-50 Sometimes in children and teens
66
Symptoms of RA
Muscle and joint stiffness, red, swollen, fatigue Flare ups: attack joints symmetrically
67
Pathology
Begins with inflammation of the joint membrane
68
RA commonly effects
Fingers, wrists, ankles, feet
69
Treatment and damage of RA
Strong drugs Damage is permanent
70
Herniated disks
The fibrocartilage between the vertebrae is pushed out of its normal position
71
Torn meniscus
Tear that forms in a C-shaped disc that cushions the knee
72
Bursitis
An inflammation of the bursa (fluid filled sac) that results in swelling and fluid retention

Anatomy (12 decks)

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