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Biology 1 > Chapter 14: Foundations of Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Foundations of Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor medel

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2
Q

things to know about mendel

A
  • Austrian monk
  • background as a farmer
  • Statistician (strong background in
    mathematics) - he counted the
    different types of offspring
  • worked with pea plants Pisum
    sativum
  • He was a plant breeder as well as a
    mathematician.
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3
Q

what plants did Mendel use for his experiments?

A

pea plants Pisum sativum

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4
Q

Why are pea plants a good organism
to use for genetic experiments?

A

1.Inexpensive
2.Short lifetime
3.many observable traits
4.lots of progeny
5.self-fertilizing
6.can be cross-fertilized

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5
Q

A heritable feature that varies among
individuals (such as flower color) is called a

A

character

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6
Q

Each variant for a character, such as purple
or white color for flowers, is called a

A

trait

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7
Q

The particular genes an organism
carries

A

genotype

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8
Q

An individual’s observable physical
traits

A

phenotype

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9
Q

When offspring of genetic crosses
(breeding) that inherit two identical
alleles for a trait.

A

True-Breeding Lineage

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10
Q

what offsprings do True-Breeding Lineage breed?

A

ones with the same trait as their parents.

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11
Q

When offspring of a genetic cross
inherit a pair of non-identical alleles
for a trait

A

hybrid offspring

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12
Q

When the two alleles of a pair for a
certain trait are different

A

heterozygous

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13
Q

the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual

A

Dominant allele

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14
Q

the allele that is fully masked in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual

A

Recessive allele

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15
Q

Both alleles for the same trait are dominant

A

Homozygous Dominant

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16
Q

what do Homozygous Dominant look like

A

[AA]

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17
Q

One allele has the dominant form of the gene
and the other has the recessive form.

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

what do Heterozygous look like

A

[Aa]

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19
Q

Both alleles for the same trait are recessive

A

Homozygous Recessive

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20
Q

what do homozygous recessive look like

A

[aa]

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21
Q

P

A

parental generation

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22
Q

F1

A

first generation of offspring (first
filial)

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23
Q

F2

A

second generation of offspring
(second filial)

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24
Q

the location for a specific gene on a specific type of chromosome

A

gene locus

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25
Alleles segregate when?
during gamete production
26
is a chance event, with a number of possible outcomes that could be predicted based on probability
fertilization
27
the likelihood that a particular event will happen.
probability
28
Helps to visualize the probability of different outcomes in a genetic cross.
Punnet Square
29
Only one trait is followed through a series of genetic crosses.
Monohybrid Cross
30
Two traits are followed through a series of genetic crosses.
Dihybrid Cross
31
An individual with the dominant phenotype could be what?
either homozygous dominant or heterozygous
32
To determine the genotype we can carry out a what?
testcross
33
breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual
testcross
34
If any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be what?
heterozygous
35
occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
complete dominance
36
the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
incomplete dominance
37
two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
codominance,
38
example of codominance
blood types
39
This positive and negative in our blood type indicates what?
Rh factor
40
determines the presence or absence of a protein on the surface of the RBC.
Rh factor
41
how much of the population is Rh positive?
85%
42
are called "universal donors"
O Rh negative
43
"universal receivers."
AB Rh postive
44
what is the definition of Rh factor incompatibility
If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive (thanks to your husband's genes), that's fine.... until your blood mixes with your baby's blood a bit during placental separation at birth. * At that critical point, fetal blood cells can accidentally combine with your system, and you make antibodies to fight them which damages fetal red blood cells
45
Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called
pleiotropy
46
what are pleiotropic alleles responsible for?
multiple symptoms of certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease
47
what does wet ear wax code for?
glycine
48
what does dry ear wax code for?
arginine
49
a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
epistasis
50
what is an example of epistasis
albinism
51
are those that vary in the population along a continuum
Quantitative characters
52
an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
polygenic inheritance
53
Quantitative variation usually indicates what?
polygenic inheritance
54
examples of polygenic inheritance
skin color and height
55
is the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment
norm of reaction
56
Another departure from Mendelian genetics arises when what?
the phenotype for a character depends on environment as well as genotype
57
is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
pedigree
58
Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using what
pedigrees
59
Recessively inherited disorders show up only in what type of alleles?
individuals homozygous
60
are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal;
carriers
61
most individuals with recessive disorders are born to what?
carrier parents
62
is a recessive condition characterized by a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair
albinism
63
is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States, striking one out of every 2,500 people of European descent
Cystic fibrosis
64
results in defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membranes leading to a buildup of chloride ions inside the cell
Cystic fibrosis
65
symptoms of cystic fibrosis
mucus buildup in some internal organs and abnormal absorption of nutrients in the small intestine (pleiotropy)
66
affects one out of 400 African-Americans
Sickle-cell disease
67
caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells
sickle-cell disease
68
In what kind of individuals, all hemoglobin is abnormal (sickle-cell)
homozygous
69
symptoms of sickle-cell disease are?
physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis (pleiotropy)
70
In what kind of individuals, are usually healthy but may suffer some symptoms
Heterozygotes
71
what is the Statistics of AA who has sickle cell trait?
one out of ten African Americans
72
If a recessive allele that causes a disease is rare, then the chance of two carriers meeting and mating is
low
73
increase the chance of mating between two carriers of the same rare allele
Consanguineous matings
74
what percent of pakistan people carries out consanguineous marriages?
60 percent of the population
75
what genetic disorders does this lead to?
Congenital heart disease, blood diseases such as hemophilia and thalassemia, deafness, cystic fibrosis, breast cancer and depression.
76
what kind of alleles that cause a lethal disease are rare and arise by mutation
Dominant
77
is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele
Achondroplasia
78
There are now tests that can identify carriers of the alleles for
Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell disease, and the most common form of cystic fibrosis.

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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