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Biology 1 > Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

All living things are made up of four classes of large
biological molecules

A

carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
and nucleic acids

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2
Q

are large molecules and are complex

A

Macromolecules

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3
Q

is a long molecule consisting of many
similar building blocks

A

polymer

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4
Q

The repeating units that serve as building blocks are
called

A

monomer

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5
Q

occurs when two
monomers bond together through the loss of a
water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

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6
Q

a reaction that is essentially the reverse
of the dehydration reaction

A

hydrolysis

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7
Q

what disassembles polymers

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those
that make or break down polymers

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

include sugars and the polymers of
sugars

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides,
or simple sugars

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11
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules are what

A

polysaccharides

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12
Q

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

have molecular formulas
that are usually multiples of CH2O

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

is the most common
monosaccharide

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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15
Q

how are Monosaccharides classified

A

location of the carbonyl group

number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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16
Q

is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

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17
Q

the covalent bond that binds disaccharide

A

glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

A

Polysaccharides

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19
Q

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists
of glucose monomers

A

Starch

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20
Q

The simplest form of starch is

A

amylose

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21
Q

is a storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

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22
Q

is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

is a major component
of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

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24
Q

The cellulose in human food passes through the
digestive tract as what?

A

“insoluble fiber”

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25
another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
chitin
26
are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers
lipids
27
are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
Fats
28
is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
glycerol
29
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
fatty acid
30
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
31
have one or more double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
32
solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
33
liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids
34
is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Hydrogenation
35
what combines fatty acids to glycerol
ester linkage
36
what is fatty acids combined to glycerol
triglyceride
37
may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease
trans fat
38
what is the major function of fat
energy storage
39
two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
phospholipid
40
double layered sheets
bilayers
41
are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
steroids
42
a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
cholesterol
43
Proteins account for more than what of most cells
50% of the dry mass
44
are polymers built with amino acids
Polypeptides
45
is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
protein
46
are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups
amino acids
47
Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called what
R groups
48
is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
protein
49
Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called
peptide bonds
50
enzymes that act to speed up chem reactions
catalyst
51
selective acceleration of chem reactions
enzymatic proteins
52
protect against disease
defensive proteins
53
stores amino acids
storage protein
54
transport substances
transport proteins
55
catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
digestive enzymes
56
help destroy viruses and bacteria
antibodies
57
the protein milk/ major source of amino acids for baby mammals
casein
58
the iron containing protein of vertebrate blood. Transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body
hemoglobin
59
coordination of AN ORGANISM'S activities
hormonal proteins
60
a hormone secreted by pancreas causes other tissues to take up glucose regulating blood sugar concentration
insulin
61
function is to respond of the cell to chemical stimuli
receptor proteins
62
controls movement
contractile and motor proteins
63
responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
motor proteins
64
responsible for the concentration of muscles
actin and myosin proteins
65
supports
structural proteins
66
the protein of the hair, horns. feather, and other skin appendages
keratin
67
provides a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues
collagen and elastin
68
The specific activities of proteins result from their what
intricate three-dimensional architecture
69
the protein of egg white used as amino acid source
ovalbumin
70
The primary structure of a protein is its what
unique sequence of amino acids
71
A slight change in primary structure can affect what
the protein's structure ability to function
72
an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
Sickle-cell disease
73
cause the red blood cells to aggregate into chains and to deform into a sickle shape
abnormal hemoglobin molecules
74
secondary structure of protein are made up of
alpha helix beta pleated sheets
75
is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)
Tertiary structure
76
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
Quaternary structure
77
This loss of a protein’s native structure is called
denaturation
78
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a
gene
79
what nucleic acid makes up DNA
nucleotides
80
a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
DNA
81
genes consist of what
DNA
82
provides directions for its own replication
DNA
83
directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
DNA
84
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis This process is called what
gene expression
85
Nucleic acids are polymers called what
polynucleotides
86
Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called
nucleotides
87
The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a
nucleoside
88
Nucleotides are linked together by a what to build a polynucleotide
phosphodiester linkage
89
consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides
phosphodiester linkage
90
nitrogenous base + sugar
Nucleoside
91
have a single six-membered ring
Pyrimidines
92
have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
purines
93
the sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
94
The sugar in RNA
Ribose
95
nucleoside + phosphate group
nucleotide
96
bases in DNA
(A) adenine always with (T) THYMINE (G) Guanine always with (C) Cytosine
97
when Only certain bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds
complementary base pairing
98
what feature of DNA structure makes it possible to generate two identical copies of each DNA molecule in a cell preparing to divide
complementary base pairing
99
is single-stranded
RNA
100
bases in RNA
(A) adenine always with (U) uracil (G) Guanine always with (C) Cytosine

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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