Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA- the Genetic Material

Question 1

composed of nucleotides

Answer 1

nucleic acids

Question 2

what are nucleotides made of?

Answer 2

1. 5 C simple sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous base

Question 3

how many bases does DNA have?

Answer 3

4

Question 4

what are the bases of DNA

Answer 4

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

Question 5

who studied bacteria?

Answer 5

Griffith and Avery

Question 6

who studied Viruses

Answer 6

Hershey & Chase

Question 7

what bacteria did Griffith study?

Answer 7

2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 8

disease-causing

Answer 8

pathogenic

Question 9

what kinds of strains did he use?

Answer 9

1 pathogenic
1 harmless

Question 10

Exposure of harmless strains to the remains of the pathogenic strains caused a what?

Answer 10

a change, a transformationa transformation in in
the harmless variety the harmless variety

Question 11

a change in genotype and phenotype due to
an assimilation of external DNAan assimilation of external DNA

Answer 11

Transformation

Question 12

at molecule changes in the harmless strain

Answer 12

only DNA

Question 13

who purified various chemicals from the pathogenic remains and added each individually to the harmless strain

Answer 13

Avery

Question 14

was accepted as the genetic material

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

were using a technique called X-ray crystallography to study molecular structure

Answer 15

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

Question 16

this was used to study molecular structure

Answer 16

X-ray crystallography

Question 17

produced a picture of the DNA molecule
using this technique

Answer 17

Rosalind Franklin

Question 18

enabled Watson to deduce that DNA was helical

Answer 18

Franklin’s X-ray crystallographic images of DNA

Question 19

what did the x-ray images help Watson deduce?

Answer 19

that DNA was helical
the width of the helix
the spacing of the nitrogenous bases
the double helix

Question 20

2 strands attached at their nitrogenous bases

Answer 20

Double helix

Question 21

Who said this
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanisms for the genetic material”mechanisms for the genetic material”

Answer 21

Watson and Crick

Question 22

Nitrogenous bases pair up and attach by weak H bonds

Answer 22

Complimentary base pairing

Question 23

which bases pair with which?

Answer 23

A and T
C and G
(you look at george clooney)

Question 24

Complicated, highly organized process involving more
than a dozen enzymes and proteins contribute to DNA than a dozen enzymes and proteins contribute to what?

Answer 24

DNA Replication

Question 25

DNA molecules are duplicated through a process called what?

Answer 25

DNA Replication

Question 26

Enzymes break apart the hydrogen bonds that hold the 2 strands of the double helix together

Answer 26

helicases

Question 27

New nitrogenous bases attach to each original exposed DNA strand and 2 new DNA molecules are exposed DNA strand and 2 new DNA molecules are formed

Answer 27

(semi-conservative process)

Question 28

enzymes that attach free nucleotides to that attach free nucleotides to unwound portions of the unwound portions of the parent template

Answer 28

DNA polymerase

Question 29

unwind the DNA strand so DNA DNA strand so DNA polymerases can go to work

Answer 29

DNA Helicases

Question 30

where DNA replication begins

Answer 30

origins of replication

Question 31

where the two strands of DNA separate to form two strands of DNA separate to form replication “bubbles”replication “bubbles”

Answer 31

origins of replication

Question 32

a Y-shaped region where the new strands of DNA region where the new strands of DNA are elongating

Answer 32

replication “fork”

Question 33

Bind to and stabilize the unwound tabilize the unwound parental DNA

Answer 33

Single-strand binding proteins

Question 34

relieves the strain of twisting of the double helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Answer 34

Topoisomerase

Question 35

what is DNA composed of?

Answer 35

2 intertwined strands which run in opposite directions

Question 36

intertwined strands which run in opposite directions = what

Answer 36

antiparallelrun

Question 37

DNA is polar with a 5’ end

Answer 37

Phosphate group terminal

Question 38

DNA is polar with a 3’ end

Answer 38

hydroxyl group terminal

Question 39

nucleotides units are added where

Answer 39

from 5' to 3'

Question 40

the new DNA strand from one parental strand

Answer 40

Leading strand

Question 41

follows in the direction of the fork

Answer 41

Leading strand

Question 42

works along the other parental strand in the opposite direction - away from the replication fork the opposite direction

Answer 42

the lagging strand

Question 43

is the lagging strand first synthesized

Answer 43

Okazaki fragments

Question 44

enzyme that fills in tiny gaps between the new short stretches of nucleotides to form a new continuous strand

Answer 44

DNA ligase

Question 45

Joins the fragments together

Answer 45

DNA ligase

Question 46

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides where

Answer 46

to the end of an existing polynucleotide chain.existing polynucleotide chain.

Question 47

what is used to overcome DNA polymerase only being able to add nucleotides to the end of an existing polynucleotide chain

Answer 47

primers

Question 48

is a short stretch of RNA

Answer 48

primers

Question 49

it functions as the original pre-existing chain with which DNA polymerase can chain with which DNA polymerase can interact

Answer 49

primers

Question 50

joins RNA nucleotides

Answer 50

primers

Question 51

how many primers are needed for the leading DNA strand

Answer 51

1

Question 52

how many primers are needed for the lagging DNA strand

Answer 52

1 per fragment

Question 53

what binds primers after they are converted to Dna

Answer 53

ligase

Question 54

Enzymes what? the newly synthesized DNA “looking” for mistakes and repairs

Answer 54

proof-read

Question 55

how many Specialized DNA Repair Enzymes discovered so far in humansdiscovered so far in humans

Answer 55

130

Question 56

checks the sequence as it progresses

Answer 56

DNA Polymerase

Question 57

special enzymes find mistake(s) (mispaired nucleotide), delete and then correct nucleotide is inserted

Answer 57

mismatch repair

Question 58

Nuclease cuts out a damaged area and repaired by DNA polymerase and ligase

Answer 58

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 59

a region of repetitive nucleotides sequences at each end of the chromosome

Answer 59

telomere