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Flashcards in Chapter 14: Managing Pain Deck (40)
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1
Q

clinical pain

A

pain that requires some form of medical treatment

2
Q

acute pain

A

sharp, stinging pain that is short-lived and usually related to tissue damage

3
Q

recurrent pain

A

episodes of pain followed by relief for more than three months

4
Q

chronic pain

A

dull, burning pain that is long-lasting, either 6 months or longer

5
Q

hyperalgesia

A

a condition in which a chronic pain sufferer becomes more sensitive to pain over time

100’s of studies have concluded that hyperalgesia occurs as a normal adaptation during sickness. most kinds of internal pain are accompanied by increased sensitivity in neraby tissue

6
Q

physical measures of pain

A

EMG (electromyography) assesses the amount of muscle tension experienced by patients suffering from headaches or lower back pain.

Researchers have also recorded changes in heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and skin conductance - all indicators of the autonomic arousal that may accompany pain

7
Q

behavioral measures of pain

A

Pain response preference questionnaire

has been used to assess the degree to which a range of potential pain-related reponses are desired from a spouse or partner

8
Q

self-report measures for pain

A

visual analog scale (with the 5 different facial expressions)

people locate the level of their pain at a point along a horizontal or vertical line that is anchored by two extremes: “no pain” and “worst pain.”

9
Q

free nerve endings

A

sensory receptors found throughout the body that respond to

temperature
pressure
painful stimuli

10
Q

nociceptor

A

a specialized neuron (pain receptors) that responds to painful stimuli

11
Q

fast nerve fibers

A

large, myelinated nerve fibers that transmit sharp, stinging pain

12
Q

slow nerve fibers

A

small, unmyelinated nerve fibers that carry dull, aching pain

13
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

the dorsal region of the spinal cord

region where both fast and slow pain fibers synapse with sensory nerves on their way to the brain

14
Q

fast pain system

A

appears to serve only the skin and mucous membranes

15
Q

slow pain system

A

servers all other body tissues expect the brain itslef, which does not experience pain

16
Q

referred pain

A

pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source

17
Q

substance P

A

a neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord that stimulates the transmission cells to send pain signals to the brain

18
Q

enkephalins (endogenous)

A

endogenous (naturally occurring) opioids found in nerve endings of cells in the brain and spinal cord that bind to opioid receptors

19
Q

periaqueductal gap (PAG) (midbrain)

A

a region of the midbrain that plays an important role in the perception of pain

electrical stimulation in this region activates a descending neural pathway that produces analgesia by “closing the pain gate”

20
Q

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

A

the front part of the cingulate cortex, which resembles a collar in surrounding the corpus callosum and plays a role in pain processing and many self-regulating functions

21
Q

endogenous opiate (peptides)

A

opiatelike substances naturally produced by the body

22
Q

stress-induced analgesia (SIA)

A

a stress-related increase in tolerance to pain, presumably mediated by the body’s endorphin system

23
Q

naloxone

A

an opioid antagonist that binds to opioid receptors in the body to block the effects of natural opiates and painkillers

it can treat narcotic overdoses in emergency situations

24
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

excitatory signals (pulses) tend to open the gate; inhibitory signals (minuses) tend to close the gate.

proposed the existence of neural structures in the spinal cord and brainstem that function like a gate, swinging open to increase the flow of transmission from nerve fibers or swinging shut to decrease the flow. with the gate open, signals arriving in the spinal cord stimulate sensory neurons called transmission cells, which, in turn, relay the signals upward to reach the brain and trigger pain. with the gate closed, signals are blocked from reaching the brain, and no pain is felt

25
Q

age and pain

A

pain is strongly associated with decreased physical capacity

older adults with pain, particularly those with pain in multiple locations, had weaker muscle strength, slower walking speed, and poorer overall function than those without pain

26
Q

gender and pain

A

men show pain less than women, but women experience pain more intensely and for longer than do men

27
Q

phantom limb pain

A

pain following amputation of a limb, false pain sensations that appear to originate in the missing limb

28
Q

socioeconomic status and stress

A

people of lower SES have greater levels of morbidity and mortality across many diseases when compared with those at higher SES levels. They also may experience more stressful life events.

the challenges associated with lower SES also make those who suffer chronic pain more vulnerable to the harmful effects of stress on health and physical functioning

29
Q

pain behaviors

A

actions that are a response to pain, such as taking drugs, grimacing, or taking time off from school or work

30
Q

opioid analgesics

A

formerly called narcotics, opioids are agonists (excitatory chemicals) that act on specific receptors in the spinal cord and brain to reduce either the intensity of pain messages or the brain’s response to pain messages

most powerful is morphine, but people build up tolerance to it very quickly and need steadily higher dosage for the same effects

31
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and other analgesic drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation at the site of injured tissue

32
Q

prostaglandin

A

the chemical substance responsible for localized pain and inflammation; prostaglandin also causes free nerve endings to become more and more sensitized as time passes

33
Q

counterirritation

A

analgesia in which one pain (for example, a pulled muscle) is relieved by creating another counteracting sensation (such as rubbing near the site of the injury)

34
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

A

a counterirritation form of analgesia involving electrically stimulating spinal nerves near a painful area

35
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

a multidisciplinary pain-management program that combines cognitive, physical, and emotional interventions

36
Q

catastrophizing

A

an error in thinking in which a person believes something, such as pain, is far worse than it actually is

37
Q

sensory focus

A

attending directly to the sensations of a painful stimulus without necessarily trying to change those reactions

38
Q

cognitive reappraisal

A

a key component to CBT that focuses on helping individuals reinterpret pain-related sensations, restructure maladaptive thought patterns, and make positive self-statements

39
Q

pain management program

A

an individualized, multimodal intervention aimed at modifying chronic pain through neurological, cognitive, and behavioral strategies

40
Q

analgesia

A

inability to feel pain