Chapter 6: Primary Prevention and Positive Psychology

Question 1

health behaviors

Answer 1

health-enhancing behavior or habits.

• practicing safe sex
• exercise
• sleeping well

Question 2

health-belief model (4 factors)

Answer 2

decisions about health behaviors are based on four interacting factors that influence our perceptions about health threats

1) perceived susceptibility
2) perceived severity of health threat
3) perceived benefits of and barriers to treatment
4) cues to action

Question 3

HBM: perceived susceptibility

Answer 3

the greater the perceived susceptibility, the stronger the motivation to engage in health-promoting behaviors. Adolescents seem to follow the invincibility fable

Question 4

HBM: perceived severity of health threat

Answer 4

how severe someone feels the threat is will impact whether or not they will engage in health-promoting behaviors against it

Question 5

HBM: perceived benefits of and barriers to treatment

Answer 5

in evaluating the pros and cons of a particular health behavior, a person decides whether its perceived benefits exceed its carriers.

Someone may overlook the huge advantages of quitting smoking because they fear becoming overweight from quitting

Question 6

HBM: cues to action

Answer 6

advice from friends, media health campaigns, and factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and gender will also influence the likelihood that someone will act

Question 7

HBM in summary

Answer 7

in summary, the HBM is a commonsense theory proposing that people will take action to ward off or control illness-inducing conditions if 1) they regard themselves as susceptible 2) they believe the condition has serious personal consequences 3) they believe a course of action will reduce either their susceptibility or the severity of the condition 4) they believe that the benefits of the action outweigh the costs 5) the environmental influences are encouraging change

Question 8

self-efficacy in health-promoting behaviors

Answer 8

focuses not only on how people appraise threats to their health, but also on their ability to manage these threats by acting more healthfully

those with higher self-efficacy will manage and perform more health behaviors than those without self-efficacy

Question 9

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 9

specifies relationships among attitudes and behavior. This theory maintains that the best way to predict whether a health behavior will occur is to measure behavioral intention - the decision to either engage in or refrain from a health-related behavior

social norms/values mediate participation in certain health-enhancing behaviors

Question 10

What three factors shape behavioral intention/ the TPB?

Answer 10

1) ATTITUDE toward the behavior, which is determined by the belief that engaging in the behavior will lead to certain outcomes
2) SUBJECTIVE NORM, which reflects our motivation to comply with the views of other people regarding the behavior in question
3) PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL, which refers to our expectation of success in performing the health behavior

Question 11

What is the TPB model not so good at predicting?

Answer 11

premarital sex and drunk driving

Question 12

the transtheoretical model

Answer 12

states that behavior often changes systematically through distinct stages. There are 4 stages. This model acknowledges that people move back and forth between stages

Question 13

TTM stage 1: precontemplation

Answer 13

during this stage, people are not seriously thinking about changing their behavior. They may even refuse to acknowledge that their behavior needs to change

Question 14

TTM stage 2: contemplation

Answer 14

during this stage, people acknowledge the existence of a problem and are seriously considering changing their behavior in the near future

Question 15

TTM stage 3: preparation

Answer 15

this state includes both thoughts and action. in preparing to quit smoking, for example, a person obtains a perscription for a nicotine patch, joins a support group, enlists family support, and makes other specific plans

Question 16

TTM stage 4: action

Answer 16

during this stage, people have actually changed their behaior and are trying to sustain their efforts

Question 17

TTM stage 5: maintenance

Answer 17

people in this stage continue to be successful in their efforts to reach their final goal

Question 18

primary prevention

Answer 18

refers to health-promoting actions that are taken to prevent a disease or injury from occurring. Examples of primary prevention include wearing a seatbelt, practicing good nutrition, exercising, avoiding smoking, maintaining healthy sleep patterns, and going for regular health screenings

Question 19

secondary prevention

Answer 19

involves actions taken to identify and treat an illness EARLY IN ITS COURSE

in the case of a person who has high blood pressure, for example, secondary prevention would include regular examinations to monitor symptoms

Question 20

tertiary prevention

Answer 20

involves actions taken to contain or retard damage once a disease has progressed beyond its early stages

use of radiation therapy or chemotherapy to destroy a cancerous tumor

Question 21

family barriers to health behaviors

Answer 21

overt family conflict, manifested in frequent episodes of anger and aggression, and deficient nurturing, including relationships that are unsupportive, cold, and even neglectful

Question 22

health system barriers to health behaviors

Answer 22

not having insurance can have a devastating impact on a person’s health and financial security

Question 23

community barriers to health behaviors

Answer 23

people are more likely to adopt health-enhancing behaviors when they are modeled in the community (schools, government, and the health care system).

Question 24

community health education: precede/proceed model

Answer 24

states that planning for health education

1) begins by identifying specific health problems in a targeted group
2) next, lifestyle and environmental elements that contribute to the targeted health problem are identified. 3) Then, background factors that predispose, enable, and reinforce these lifestyle and environmental factors are analyzed to determine the possible use of health education and other interventions
4) during the final phase, health education programs are designed, initiated, and evaluated

Question 25

long term health campaigns

Answer 25

typically ineffective at motivating people to change long-held health habits

generally, multifaceted community campaigns that present information on several fronts works better than “single-shot” campaigns.

Question 26

community programs for health initiatives

Answer 26

on the rise and have several advantages:

1) they can promote changes that are difficult for individuals to accomplish, such as creating bike paths and other public exercise facilities
2) unlike interventions that focus on high-risk individuals, community programs reach out to a broader audience

Question 27

gain framed messaging

Answer 27

focus on the positive outcome from adopting a health promoting behavior (if you exercise regularly, you are likely to look and feel better)

Question 28

loss framed messaging

Answer 28

a health message that focuses on a negative outcome from failing to perfomr ahealth-promoting behavior

Question 29

loss framed appeals

Answer 29

perceived control or self-efficacy in following through with the behavior has a large impact on success of framing. Scare tactics aren’t as effective as moderate tactics

Question 30

conclusion about framing

Answer 30

reserach on framing of health messages reveals a basic pattern: gain-framed messages are effective in promoting prevention behaviors, while loss-framed ones are effective in promoting illness-detection behaviors

Question 31

cognitive behavioral interventions: self-monitoring

Answer 31

initial step in promoting behavior change. people keeping track of their own target behavior that is to be modified, including the sitmuli associated with it and the consequences that follow it

Question 32

cognitive behavioral interventions: discriminative stimuli

Answer 32

environmental signals that communicate to the brain that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement

sights and smells of a holiday meal that is being prepared can be discriminative stimuli for overeating. The various sounds, smells, and sights a former smoker encounters upon entering a noisy bar can be potent discriminative stimuli that trigger the urge to smoke

Question 33

key aspects in using operant conditioning to modify health behaviors

Answer 33

stimulus control and contigency contracting.

Question 34

cognitive behavioral interventions: stimulus-control interventions

Answer 34

a behavioral intervention aimed at modifying the environmental discriminative stimuli that control a target behavior by signaling its reinforcement

for people who are trying to reduce snacking on calorie-dense food, a good first step is to eliminate the presence of such foods in their home.

Question 35

promoting healthy workplaces: relapse prevention

Answer 35

training in coping skills and other techniques intended to help people resist falling back into old health habits following a successful behavioral intervention

Question 36

promoting healthy workplaces:contingency contract

Answer 36

formal agreement between a person attempting to change a health behvaior and another individual, such as a therapist, regarding the consequences of target behaviors

Question 37

four dimensions of healthy workplaces

Answer 37

1) stress
2) work-family relations
3) violence prevention
4) relationships at work

Question 38

positive psychology

Answer 38

the study of optimal human functioning and the healthy interplay between people and their environment

Question 39

thriving

Answer 39

a paradoxical outcome in which adversity somehow leads people to greater psychological and or physical well being

Question 40

allostatic overload

Answer 40

the consequences of long-term elevations of stress-related catabolic hormones, including hypertension, wasted muscles, ulcers, fatigue, and increased risk of chronic disease

Question 41

biological embedding (neurobiology of resilience)

Answer 41

the processes by which the structure and fuctioning of the breain are shaped by feedback from neuroendocrine systems as they are engaged as part of the body’s effort to maintain homeostasis

Question 42

positive psychology: psychosocial factors of thriving

Answer 42

self-enhancement: a tendency to recall positive over negative information, to see oneself more positively than do others, and to feel personally responsible for good outcomes
social integration: number of social roles a person participates in. people with more social inegration live longer and retain better mental/physical health
relaxation: wakeful relaxation is associated with decreases in negative emotions and alterations of neuroendocrine functions

Question 43

positive psychology: psychological factors of thriving

Answer 43

curiosity: person’s orientation/attraction to novel stimuli; helps maintain a healthy central nervous system
perceived control and self-efficacy: having both increases psychological resilience
social engagement: engaging with others

Question 44

anabolism and catabolism (all about the metabolism)

Answer 44

2 types of metabolic reactions take place in the cell: anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).

anabolic reactions use up energy. They are endergonic. in an anabolic reaction, small molecules join to make larger ones (amino acids joining to make dipeptides)

catabolism gives out energy, they are exergonic. in a catabolic reaction, large molecules are broken down into smaller ones