Chapter 12: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

Question 1

sexually transmitted infections

Answer 1

infections that are spread primarily through person-to-person sexual conduct

Question 2

noncommunicable disease

Answer 2

a noninfectious disease; one that is nontransmissible

the world has shifted largely toward these diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes

Question 3

communicable disease

Answer 3

a disease that is transmitted from a human to another human, from a human to an animal, or from an animal to a human

can be controlled by:
vaccinations
hygiene
cleaner water
healthier sanitation measures

Question 4

poor populations face…

Answer 4

double burden of high rates of both:

communicable and noncommunicable disease.

Question 5

epidemiological transition

Answer 5

a shift in the disease pattern of a population as mortality falls

acute, infectious diseases are reduced, while chronic, noncommunicable diseases increase in prevalence

Question 6

HIV and AIDS for men and women

Answer 6

more women die from HIV and AIDS, and more men die from tuberculosis

Question 7

antimicrobial resistance

Answer 7

the ability for bacteria, viruses, and other microbes to resist the effect of drugs

Question 8

acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)

Answer 8

the most advanced stages of HIV infection

defined by a T-cell count of less than 200 and the occurrence of opportunistic infections or HIV-related cancers that take advantage of a weakened immune system

Question 9

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 9

a virus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function

Question 10

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 10

a rare cancer of blood vessels serving the skin, mucous membranes, and other glands in the body

Question 11

pandemic

Answer 11

an epidemic covering a vast geographical area

Question 12

gender and AIDS

Answer 12

women are being diagnosed more frequently than men, especially in developing countries where women have less control over their bodies and conditions of sexual intercourse

Question 13

demographic patterns and AIDS

Answer 13

disproportionately affects minority populations in the US. In impoverished minority communities, people share needles when using illegal drugs

Question 14

how can HIV be spread?

Answer 14

unprotected sex (vaginal and anal intercourse)
blood, including by transfusion, accidential needle sticks, or needle sharing
mother to child transmission
transplantation of infected tissue

*fortunately it is transmitted less easily than other viruses

Question 15

gential human papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 15

the most common sexually transmitted disease. it’s passed through gential contact, most often during vaginal and anal sex. It can also be passed through oral sex

Nearly all sexually active women and men contract HPV throughout their lives

Question 16

hemophelia

Answer 16

a genetic disease in which the blood fails to clot quickly enough, causing uncontrollable bleeding from even the smallest cut

Question 17

retrovirus

Answer 17

a virus that copies its genetic material onto the DNA of a host cell

like all viruses, HIV can replicate only inside lymphocytes, taking over their machinery to reproduce

Question 18

HIV Stage 1:

Answer 18

lasts from one to eight weeks

the immune system destroys most HIV, so people experience only mild symptoms that are similar to those of many other illnesses, such as swollen lymph glands, sore throat, fever, chronic diarrhea, skeletal pain, gynecological infection in women, neurological problems, and in some cases, a skin rash

Question 19

HIV Stage 2: Latency

Answer 19

may last for months or years, appears to be a period of latency

the person has no obvious symptoms expect perhaps for swollen lymph nodes, which may go unnoticed; nevertheless, the HIV infection is far from inactive. during stage 2, as t cell concentration falls, HIV is constantly replicating

Question 20

HIV Stage 3

Answer 20

Within 5 years, 30 percent of infected people move to stage 3, when t cells are further reduced, immune function is impaired, and opportunities infections occur

Question 21

HIV Stage 4

Answer 21

the number of t cells drops from a healthy count of 1000 to 200 or less per cubic milliliter of blood, and almost all natural immunity is lost

at this point, HIV has developed into AIDS. as t cell levels drop below 100, the balance of power in the immune system shifts to favor the invading virus. HIV levels soar, and microorganisms that the immune system normal would destroy easily begin to proliferate.

Question 22

physiological factors in AIDS

Answer 22

1) strength of the initial immune response. HIV progresses much more slowly among patients whose immune systems mount strong lymphocyte activity in the acute stage of HIV sickness
2) genetic vulnerability may affect the rate at which AIDS develops. Viruses require collaboration from the body, which in the case of AIDS is the existence of the protein receptor to which HIV particles bind

Question 23

psychological factors in the progression of AIDS (3)

Answer 23

discrimination and social exclusion is suggested to be an important factor contributing to risk behaviors and HIV infection

stress, negative emotions, and social isolation may influence the pace at which AIDS progresses, perhaps by altering hormonal and immune environments that affect the resistance of host cells to the invading virus.

social support is also a critical factor int he progression of HIV sickness and AIDS. Lack of social support may cause AIDS to develop more quickly, partly because it leaves those who are HIV positive less able to cope effectively with stressful life events

Question 24

antiretroviral therapy

Answer 24

most successful treatment for HIV and AIDS to date.

Question 25

psychosocial interventions (2)

Answer 25

primary: educate people about being tested for infection and helping individuals modify high-risk behaviors
secondary: includes helping patients cope with treatment regimens, as well emotional and cognitive disturbances related to infection

Question 26

social-cognitive model (3)

Answer 26

1) perceived social norms regarding acceptance of HIV risk-reducing behaviors
2) self-efficacy beleifs controlling one’s own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to avoid unsafe behaviors
3) social skills, the ability to respond assertively in negotiating risky behaviors

Question 27

dynamic tailoring

Answer 27

refers to the delivering of individualized health messages over multiple time periods to provide unique feedback based on the individual’s status at that moment in time.

Question 28

cognitive behavioral stress management with AIDS

Answer 28

men who participated in the CBSM intervention reported significantly lower post-treatment levels of anxiety , anger, total mood disturbances, and perceived stress compared to the men who were assigned to an untreated control group

Those in the intervention group also displayed less norepinephrine output and significantly greater numbers of T cells 6 to 12 months later

Question 29

community-wide interventions

Answer 29

intensive, coordinated, community-wide interventions have proved to be the best way to:

educate people about HIV
to change social norms that influence sexual behavior

Question 30

epidemiology of AIDS

Answer 30

initially diagnosed in white gay men and injection drug users

later considered a pandemic, effecting adults and children mainly in developing countries

6th leading cause of death worldwide