Flashcards in Chapter 16 Deck (63):
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What has to happen to air before it reaches the lungs
Air is cleansed of dirt, warmed to body temp, and moistened
1
Spaces in bones of skull opening into nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
2
Conducts air in and out and prevents foreign objects from entering trachea
Larynx
3
Name the sets of vocal cords and differ between two
False vocal cords-do not produce sound
True vocal cords-produce sound
4
Name and define the properties of sound
Loudness-force when air is expelled from lungs
Pitch-changes as vocal cords vary in length
Quality-formed as a result of vibrations occurring in nose, throat, thorax
5
Flap like structure that covers opening into larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
6
purpose of ciliates mucus membrane
Lines inner wall and moves particles upward to pharynx
7
Purpose of the cartilage rings
To prevent trachea from collapsing
8
Right and left branch arising from trachea
Primary bronchi
9
Branches of the primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
10
Finer tubes branches from bronchi
Bronchioles
11
Cluster of small air sacs
Alveoli
12
Separates right and left lung and diaphragm and the thoracic cage encloses them
Mediastinum
13
Differ between visceral pleura and parietal pleura
V.P attaches to lungs surface
P.P lines thoracic cavity
14
Attraction of water molecules on the moist inner surface of alveoli
Surface tension
15
Lipoprotein secreted into alveolar spaces to reduce the chance of collapse
Surfactant
16
Device that measures volume of air that moves in or out of lungs
Spirometer
17
1 inspiration plus the following expiration
Respiratory cycle
18
Volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle (500ml)
Tidal volume
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Volume of air that Can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume (3000ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume
20
Volume of air that can be exhaled in excess of tidal volume (1100ml)
Expiration reserve volume
21
Volume of air remaining in lungs after deepest expiration (1200ml)
Residual volume
22
State four factors that affect breathing
Respiratory center in brain stem
Chemicals in body fluids
Inflation reflex helps regulate depth of breathing
Emotional upset can alter normal breathing
23
Breathing rapidly and deeply
Hyperventilation
24
What makes up the respiratory membrane
Alveolar and capillary walls
25
Explain the causes of gases to diffuse
Gases diffuse from high partial pressure to lower partial pressure
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar air
26
3 things that will cause more oxygen to by released
CO2 increases, blood becomes more acidic, blood temp rises
27
Deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissue
Hypoxia
28
3 ways co2 gets transported
Plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as a bicarbonate ion (hco3)
29
Most efficient way to transport co2
Bicarbonate ions
30
Atmospheric pressure forces air into lungs
Inspiration
31
Pressure inside lungs and alveoli decrease
Inspiration
32
Alveoli pressure falls when diaphragm moves downward
Inspiration
33
Thoracic cage moves up and outward
Inspiration
34
Surface tension
Inspiration
35
Surfactant
Inspiration
36
Elastic recoil of tissue
Expiration
37
Surface tension in alveoli provide the force of
Expiration
38
Thoracic and abdominal wall muscle aid
Expiration
39
Abdominal organs spring back into previous shapes, pushing diaphragm upward
Expiration
40
Passive process
Expiration
41
What happens to the Nasal septum
Straight at birth then as a person grows older, it bends to one side
42
Painful sinus headaches are the result of
Blocked drainage caused by infection or allergic reaction
43
Damage to the nerves that supply the laryngeal muscles can do what
Alter the quality of a persons voice
44
What is laryngitis
Mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed/swollen due to infection or irritation from inhaled vapors and prevents vocal cross from vibrating as freely as before
45
How do one control laryngitis
Inserting a tube into trachea through nose or mouth can restore
46
What is surfactant
Newborns lungs inflate for the first time
47
Why do premature infants suffer respiratory distress syndrome
Don't produce sufficient surfactant
48
How do infants with respiratory distress syndrome survive
They drip synthetic surfactant into tiny lungs through an endotracheal tube
49
What is pneumothorax
A puncture in thoracic wall allows atmospheric air to enter pleural cavity and creates a real space between the membranes
50
What is emphysema
Disease that destroys alveolar walls
Decreases surface area of the respiratory membrane and reduces the volume of gases that can be exchanged through the membrane
51
What is lung cancer
Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that rob normal cells of nutrients and oxygen
52
Cancers that begun in the lungs
Primary pulmonary cancers
53
Nonrespiratory movements
Sneeze, laughing, hiccup, yawning, coughing
54
What does spirometer measure
Emphysema, pneumonia, and lung cancer
55
What does adding co2 to air stimulates
Rate and depth of breathing
56
Ordinary air co2
.04%
57
What causes hyperventilation
Lowered co2 concentration followed by a rise in pH and decreased blood flow to brain cells
58
How can one determine breath analysis
Respiratory membrane is normally so thin that other chemicals other than co2 can diffuse into alveolar air and be exhaled
59
What happens to the balloons when the rubber sheeting is pulled downward
The balloons inflate with air
60
What happens when the sheeting is pushed upward
The balloons deflate with air
61
When a person hyperventilated in fresh air does her co2 content decrease or increase
Decrease
62