Chapter 16 - The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 1

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 1

pulmonary ventilation

Question 2

During (internal/external) respiration, there is an exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and body tissues.

Answer 2

external

Question 3

_____ secrete mucus.

Answer 3

Goblet cells

Question 4

“little bronchi”

Answer 4

bronchioles

Question 5

final and smallest component of the conducting zone

Answer 5

terminal bronchioles

Question 6

FRC

Answer 6

functional residual capacity

Question 7

muscles used for inspiration during quiet breathing

Answer 7

diaphragm & external intercostal muscles

Question 8

muscles used during forceful inspiration

Answer 8

scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, pectoralis minor

Question 9

measures the volumes of inspired and expired air

Answer 9

spirometry

Question 10

_____ cannot be measured using spirometry.

Answer 10

Residual volume

Question 11

PEFR

Answer 11

peak expiratory flow rate

Question 12

maximum rate a person can exhale

Answer 12

PEFR

Question 13

During (internal/external) respiration, cells use O2 to burn down glucose to produce energy.

Answer 13

internal

Question 14

Air passages of the head and neck include _____.

Answer 14

nasal cavities, oral cavities, and pharynx

Question 15

The _____ contains 15-20 C-shaped bands of cartilage.

Answer 15

trachea

Question 16

How many secondary bronchi are on the right?

Answer 16

three

Question 17

_____ and _____ make up the mucus escalator.

Answer 17

Goblet cells; ciliated cells

Question 18

barrier for exchange of gases between blood and lung

Answer 18

respiratory membrane

Question 19

What is the respiratory membrane made of?

Answer 19

capillary and alveoli walls

Question 20

There are over _____ alveoli in the lungs.

Answer 20

300 million

Question 21

make up the “sheet of blood” surrounding alveoli

Answer 21

capillaries

Question 22

cells that make up the wall of alveoli

Answer 22

type I alveolar cells

Question 23

secrete surfactant

Answer 23

type II alveolar cells

Question 24

cells that fight lung infections

Answer 24

alveolar macrophages

Question 25

Gas exchange occurs in the _____.

Answer 25

alveoli

Question 26

_____ allow airflow between alveoli.

Answer 26

Alveolar pores

Question 27

Surface tension is formed when _____ occurs.

Answer 27

hydrogen bonding

Question 28

Because of the _____, O2 and CO2 only need to pass through three layers during the gas exchange process.

Answer 28

fused basement membrane

Question 29

Intrapleural space is filled with _____ mL of intrapleural fluid.

Answer 29

15

Question 30

lung tissue side of pleura

Answer 30

visceral pleura

Question 31

chest wall side of pleura

Answer 31

parietal pleura

Question 32

bulk flow

Answer 32

difference of pressure

Question 33

During _____ pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 33

inspiration

Question 34

During _____, pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 34

expiration

Question 35

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

Answer 35

760 mmHg

Question 36

During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure is _____ (more than/less than) atmospheric.

Answer 36

less than (negative)

Question 37

During expiration, intra-alveolar pressure is _____ (more than/less than) atmospheric pressure.

Answer 37

more than (positive)

Question 38

At rest, intrapleural pressure is _____.

Answer 38

-4 mmHg

Question 39

Surface tension of _____ prevents the chest wall and lungs from pulling apart.

Answer 39

intrapleural fluid

Question 40

pressure difference on two sides of a wall

Answer 40

transmural pressure

Question 41

Boyle's law

Answer 41

pressure is inversely related to volume

Question 42

According to Boyle's law, when volume is increased, pressure is _____.

Answer 42

decreased

Question 43

factors that determine intra-alveolar pressure

Answer 43

1. quantity of air in alveoli | 2. volume of alveoli

Question 44

When lungs expand, alveolar volume _____ (increases/decreases).

Answer 44

increases

Question 45

When lungs recoil, alveolar volume _____ (increases/decreases).

Answer 45

decreases

Question 46

A larger lung compliance makes it (easier/harder) to inspire.

Answer 46

easier

Question 47

factors affecting lung compliance

Answer 47

1. elasticity (more elastic = less compliant) | 2. surface tension (greater tension = less compliant)

Question 48

Increased surfactant = _____ compliance

Answer 48

increased

Question 49

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _____ of smooth muscle, or _____.

Answer 49

relaxation; bronchodilation

Question 50

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for _____ of smooth muscle, or _____.

Answer 50

contraction; bronchoconstriction

Question 51

Extrinsic control of bronchiole radius includes epinephrine, which causes _____.

Answer 51

bronchodilation

Question 52

Histamine increases mucus secretion and causes _____.

Answer 52

bronchoconstriction

Question 53

CO2 causes _____.

Answer 53

bronchodilation

Question 54

Intrinsic control of bronchiole radius includes _____.

Answer 54

1. Histamine | 2. CO2

Question 55

tidal volume

Answer 55

500 mL

Question 56

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 56

3000 mL

Question 57

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 57

1000 mL

Question 58

residual volume

Answer 58

1200 mL

Question 59

total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute

Answer 59

minute ventilation

Question 60

air in conducting zone that does not participate in gas exchange

Answer 60

anatomical dead space

Question 61

How much air is left in the anatomical dead space?

Answer 61

150 mL

Question 62

It is better to increase (respiratory rate/volume) rather than (respiratory rate/volume).

Answer 62

volume; respiratory rate