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Biology 1406 > Chapter 17 From Gene to Protien > Flashcards

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protien Flashcards

1
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to RNA

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2
Q

What is translation?

A

Uses mRNA to make a polypeptide from nucleotide form

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3
Q

Who First suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions

He thought symptoms of an inherited disease reflect and inability to synthesize the certain enzymes

Ex: alkaptonuriq

A

Archibald Garrod

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4
Q

Who studied mutants in bread mold and

They developed a “one gene-one enzyme” hypothesis,which states that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme

A

Beadle and Tatum

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5
Q

How did Beadle and Tatums hypothesis change?

A

Started as “one gene – one enzyme”….

One gene-one protein…

One gene- one polypeptide…

Some genes code for RNA molecules

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6
Q

______________ is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

A

Transcription

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7
Q

Transcription produces…

A

Messenger RNA mRNA

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8
Q

____________ Is the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA

A

Translation

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9
Q

Where is the site of translation?

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command:

A

DNA to RNA to polypeptides

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11
Q

Which strand is transcribed?

A

The template strand

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12
Q

Transcription is also in what direction?

A

5’- 3’

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13
Q

A gene is a region of DNA whose final product is either a ____________ or an ____________ molecule

A

Polypeptide, RNA

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14
Q

In what type of cell is The mRNA that is produced by transcription immediately translated without more processing?

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q

In eukaryotic cells the ___________ separates transcription from translation

Eukaryotic RNA transcripts are modified through RNA processing to yield finished mRNA

A

Nuclear envelope

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16
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by ___________________, which pries the DNA strand apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

RNA synthesis follows the same base pairing rules as DNA, except __________ substitutes for __________

A

Uracil, thymine

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18
Q

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches is called the ______________; in prokaryotes the sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the __________

A

Promoter, terminator

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19
Q

The structure of DNA that is transcribed is called a….

A

Transcription unit

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20
Q

Bacteria don’t have Introns true or false?

A

True

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21
Q

What are the three stages of transcription?

A

Initiation (promoter), elongation, termination

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22
Q

The promoter is before the…..

A

Start site

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23
Q

Is the promoter transcribed?

A

No

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24
Q

What signals the initiation of RNA synthesis?

A

Promoter

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25
_____________ mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription Recognizes for it to be on or off If it is not there it will not be transcribed
Transcription factors
26
Completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase two bound to a promoter
Transcription initiation complex
27
Promoter sequence crucial in forming the initiation complex in many eukaryotic promoters
TATA box
28
- as RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it on twist the double helix, 10 to 20 bases at a time - transcription progresses at a rate of 60 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes - A gene can be to transcribe simultaneously by several RNA polymerases
Elongation of the RNA strand
29
How is termination different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes the polymerase stops transcription at the end of the terminator 10 to 35 nucleotides downstream of polyadenlyation signal (AAUAAA) RNA transcript is cut free from the polymerase
30
Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatch to the cytoplasm during _____________, both ends of the primary transcript are usually altered Also, usually some interior parts of a molecule are cut out, and the other parts splice together
RNA processing
31
Each end of a pre-mRNA molecule is modified in a particular way: the 5’ end receives..... The 3’ end gets.... These modifications share what functions?
A modified nucleotide cap Poly-A tail Seem to facilitate the export of mRNA Protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes Help ribosomes attached to the five prime end *this is in eukaryotic cells
32
______________ removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence
RNA splicing
33
In some cases, RNA splicing is carried out by...
Spliceosomes
34
- variety of proteins | - several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPs) that recognize the spice sites
Spliceosomes
35
When RNA is enzymatic it is called?
Ribozyme
36
Function as enzymes and can spice RNA | Catalytic RNA molecules
Ribozyme
37
- some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing - because of this The number of different proteins in organism can produce is much greater than its number of genes - such variations are called....
Alternative RNA splicing
38
In many cases different _______ code for the different domains in a protein
Exons
39
How many potential codon combinations are there?
64
40
___________ on tRNA matched to __________ on mRNA
Anticodons | Codons
41
- a series of non-overlapping, three nucleotide words - smallest unit that can code for all the amino acids *nonoverlapping
Triplet code
42
Genetic code is __________ but not ambiguous
Redundant
43
- only the first two nucleotides are required to encode the correct amino acid - The third nucleotide does not change it sense - permits some variation or mutation without altering the message
Wobble
44
AUG encodes....
Methionine *start codon
45
A cell translates an mRNA message into protein with the help of....
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
46
Molecules of tRNA are not ___________. Each carries a specific amino acid on one end. -each has an anti-codon on the other end, the anti-codon base pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA
Identical
47
-Single RNA strand that is only about 80 nucleotides long -complementary stretches of bases hydrogen Twist and folds into a three dimensional molecule
tRNA molecule
48
What are the two steps for accurate translation?
- First step, a correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - Second step, a correct match between the tRNA anti-codon and an mRNA codon
49
- facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anti-codons with mRNA codons in proteins synthesis - two ribosomal subunits are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomes
50
What are the three binding sites for tRNA?
- the P site holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain - the A site holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be carried to the chain - The E site is the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
51
The three stages of translation... All three stages require ______________ that aid in the translation process
Initiation, elongation, termination Protein “factors”
52
The initiation stage of translation brings together... First, a small ribosomal subunits binds with....
mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits mRNA and a special initiator tRNA
53
The __________ moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG) Proteins called _____________ bring in the large subunit so the initiator tRNA occupies the ____ site
Small subunit Initiation factors P
54
During the _________ stage, amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid Each addition involves proteins called elongation factorsand it occurs in three steps:....
Elongation Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation
55
Termination occurs when a stop codon in the MRNA reaches the ______ site of the ribosome This site accepts a protein called a release factor, this causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid This reaction releases the polypeptide
A
56
A number of ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously, forming a.....
Polyribosome
57
Proteins may also require ______________ modifications before doing their job
Posttranlational
58
Free ribosomes mostly synthesize proteins that function in the ________ Bound ribosomes make proteins of the... Ribosomes are identical and can switch from free to bound
Cytosol Endo membrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell
59
Polypeptide synthesis always begins in the _________ Synthesis finishes in the cytosol unless the polypeptide signals the ribosome to attach to the ER (these are marked by a signal peptide)
Cytosol
60
______________ binds to the signal peptide This brings the signal peptide and it’s ribosome to the ER
A signal-recognition particle (SRP)
61
Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear envelope, allowing.... In a eukaryotic cell the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation -extensive RNA processing occurs in the nucleus
Translation to begin while transcription progresses
62
What are RNAs diverse functions?
Structural, informational, and catalytic functions
63
What are properties that enable RNA to perform many different functions?
- can hydrogen bond to other nucleic acid’s - can assume a three dimensional shape - has functional groups that allow it to act as a catalyst (ribozyme)
64
The enzyme __________ directs transcription
Polymerase
65
________________ are chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene They change of a single nucleotide and I do you need template strand leads to production of an abnormal protein
Point mutations
66
In point mutations, When it codes for a different amino acid.... Stops, no further amino acid coded for, this leads to a non functional protein... Which is more common?
Missense Nonsense Missense
67
Point mutations within a gene can be divided into what two general categories?
- base-pair substitutes | - base-pair insertions or deletions
68
Base pair substitution can cause...
Missense or nonsense
69
Insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame, producing a....
Frameshift mutation
70
Which type of mutations have a more disastrous effect on the resulting protein? Insertions and deletions? Or substitutions?
Insertions and deletions
71
______________ are physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations
Mutagens

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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