Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

The complete break down of glucose makes ….

Answer 1

CO2, H2O, and ATP

Question 2

In oxidation O2…..

Answer 2

Acceptor of electrons

Question 3

Primary aim of cellular respiration?

Answer 3

Make ATP and NADH

Question 4

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions released stored energy in molecules
Released energy is ultimate used to synthesize ATP

Answer 4

Redox reactions: oxidation and reduction

Question 5

The removal or loss of electrons

Answer 5

Oxidation

Question 6

Addition or gain of electrons

Answer 6

Reduction

Question 7

The molecule that picks up the electron ______ energy.

Answer 7

Gains

Question 8

When hydrogen is lost it becomes ____________

What gains hydrogen becomes ____________

Answer 8

Oxidized, reduced

Question 9

NAD+ and FAD each carry…..

Answer 9

Two electrons and two hydrogen atoms

Question 10

NAD+ and FAD carry electrons from the cytoplasm or the mitochondrial matrix to the…

Answer 10

Cristae of the mitochondria

Question 11

Two coenzymes of oxidation and reduction that are active during cellular respiration

Answer 11

NAD+, NADH

Question 12

ATP is generated by _____________ of ADP

Answer 12

Phosphorylation

Question 13

What are the three different ways ATP Is generated in the cell?

Answer 13

• substrate-level phosphorylation
• oxidative phosphorylation
• photophosphorylation

Top two are used in CR in anaimals
All three are used in CR In plants

Question 14

Generation of ATP through a transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

Answer 14

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 15

A series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway

Answer 15

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

ATP former through a series of sunlight-driven reactions in phototrophs

Answer 16

Photophosphorylation

Question 17

The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by ________ to form ______

Answer 17

Hydrolysis. ADP

Question 18

What happens when the terminal phosphate bond is broken?

Answer 18

Energy is released

Question 19

When electrons are transferred in oxidation and reduction, a hydrogen ions transferee as well (true or false?)

Answer 19

True

Question 20

The most common electron carrier?

Answer 20

NAD +

Question 21

The two ways ATP is formed from ADP are __________ _________ phosphorylation and _____________

Answer 21

Substrate-level, Oxidative

Question 22

How many ATP are made in eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic?

Answer 22

30, 32

Question 23

Phases of complete glucose breakdown in aerobic respiration

Answer 23

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport system and chemiosmosis

Question 24

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of what?

Answer 24

Pyruvate

Question 25

Oxidation by removal of hydrogens releases enough energy to make __________

Answer 25

2 ATP

Question 26

Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen? True or false?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Two phases of glycolysis

Answer 27

Energy investment phase, energy pay off phase

Question 28

Energy investment phase

Answer 28

Energy from 2 ATP is used to activate glucose Glucose is split into two 3-carbon G3P molecules

Question 29

Glycolysis energy payoff phase

Answer 29

- oxidation of G3P by removal of hydrogens - hydrogens are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH - oxidation of G3P and further substrates yields enough energy to produce 4 ATP by direct substrate phosphorylation

Question 30

Pyruvate gets taken to the __________ to complete cellular respiration

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to __________ which links the cycle to glycolysis

Answer 31

acetyl CoA

Question 32

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

Answer 32

I’m the the mitochondria

Question 33

Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA and __________ is removed Hydrogen atoms are removed from pyruvate and picked up to form _______

Answer 33

CO2, NADH

Question 34

In glycolysis ATP is made by ......

Answer 34

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 35

C2 acetyl group from prep reaction combines with a C___ molecule to produce C___ citrate

Answer 35

4, 6

Question 36

In the citric acid cycle the cycle oxidizes organic fuel drives from pyruvate, generating ____ ATP, _____ NADH, and ___ FADH per turn

Answer 36

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 Total of 2, 6, and 2 for both pyruvates

Question 37

The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with ___________, forming citrate The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to ___________, making the process a cycle

Answer 37

Oxaloacetate

Question 38

The _______ and ________ produced in the citric acid cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

Answer 38

NADH, FADH2

Question 39

What are the inputs and outputs Of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 39

Inputs- 2 acetyl groups, 6NAD+, 2FAD, 2 ADP + 2 P Outputs- 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP

Question 40

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, _____ and _____ account for most of the energy extracted from food

Answer 40

NADH,FADH2

Question 41

Where does the Electron transport chain take place?

Answer 41

The mitochondrial membrane in the cristae of the mitochondrion Proton pumps are in the inner membrane

Question 42

Most of the electron transport chain’s components are proteins, that exist in __________

Answer 42

Multiprotein complexes

Question 43

The carries in the ETC alternate ___________ and __________ states as they accept and donate electrons

Answer 43

Reduced, oxidized

Question 44

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to _____, to from _______

Answer 44

O2, water

Question 45

The H+ gradient is referred to as _____________, emphasizing its capacity to do work

Answer 45

Proton-motive force

Question 46

ATP synthase uses the exergoinc flow of H+ to drive ......

Answer 46

Phosphorylation of ATP

Question 47

How many ATP are made total by substrate phosphorylation? By oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 47

4, 28

Question 48

For each NADH enough energy is released to form ______ ATP For each FADH2 there are ______ ATP produced

Answer 48

2.5, 1.5

Question 49

Cellular respiration makes a total of _____ ATP (all ____for bacteria/prokaryotes) ______max for eukaryotes because 2 ATP is used to transport to the mitochondria

Answer 49

32, 32, 30

Question 50

How any ATP are made in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 50

26-28*

Question 51

____% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration

Answer 51

34

Question 52

What’s the final electron accepter in the ETC?

Answer 52

O2

Question 53

Fermentation = ________ acid

Answer 53

Pyruvic

Question 54

How much ATP is made in fermentation?

Answer 54

Net 2ATP, 4 made total.

Question 55

In fermentation _____ is recycled. __________ is reduced to alcohol or organic acid (some produce CO2)

Answer 55

NAD+, pyruvate

Question 56

What is the end acceptor of electrons in fermentation?

Answer 56

Organic molecules

Question 57

What are the inputs and outputs of fermentation?

Answer 57

Inputs- glucose, 2ATP, 4 ADP + 2P Outputs- 2lactase, 2 alcohol and 2 CO2, 2ADP, 4ATP

Question 58

Something that can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration Pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road

Answer 58

Facultative anaerobes

Question 59

Feedback ___________ is the most common mechanism for control

Answer 59

Inhibition

Question 60

When ATP levels drop, respiration __________, when there is plenty of ATP, respiration ___________

Answer 60

Speeds up, slows

Question 61

ATP is an alosteric _________

Answer 61

Inhibitor

Question 62

Distinguish between obligate and facultative anaerobes

Answer 62

Obligate- die in the presence of oxygen Facultative- can perform aerobic respiration or fermentation