Chapter 5 The Structure and Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are the four classes of large biological molecules that all living things are made up of?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 2

Lipids are not polymers.

True or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

Answer 3

Polymer

Question 4

What are the three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules that are polymers?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 5

How are polymers formed?

Answer 5

Condensation or dehydration reaction, a loss of a water molecule links monomers to form polymers

Question 6

How are polymers broken down?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis, adds a water molecule that breaks a bond

Question 7

The removal of a water to form a chemical bind is termed

Answer 7

Dehydration synthesis

Question 8

Includes sugars and the polymers if sugars

Monosaccharides- single sugar
Disaccharides- 2 sugars
Polysaccharides-many sugars

Answer 8

Carbohydrates

Question 9

Molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
(1-2-1 ratio)
Glucose (C6H12O6

Answer 9

Monosaccharides

Question 10

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 10

• location of the carbonyl group (as arose or kerosene)

- number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 11

• Simplest sugars
• Major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules
• ring or linear structure

Answer 11

Monosaccharides

Question 12

In aqueous solution monosaccharides form ________

Answer 12

Rings

Question 13

What is a glycosidic linkage?

Answer 13

When disaccharides are made by dehydration reaction

Question 14

The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its _________

Answer 14

Sugar monomers and the position of glycosidic linkages

Question 15

Is amylose or amylopectin beached?

Answer 15

Amylopectin

Question 16

Is cellulose alpha or beta glucose?

Answer 16

Beta

Question 17

Storage polysaccharide of animals

Answer 17

Glycogen

Starch in plants

Question 18

Where do humans store glycogen?

Answer 18

Liver and muscles

Question 19

Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?

Answer 19

Glycogen

Question 20

The three categories of fats

Answer 20

• phospholipids
• triglycerides
• steroids

Question 21

• large biological molecules that do not form polymers

- composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Answer 21

Fats

Question 22

Formed by bonding glycerol to three fatty acids

Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction

Broken apart by hydrolysis

Answer 22

Triglycerides

Question 23

Two types of fatty acids

Answer 23

Saturated and unsaturated

Question 24

All carbons are linked by single covalent bonds

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS

Answer 24

Saturated fatty acid

Question 25

- Has one or more double bonds - double bonds cause the tail to bend, so it is liquid at room temp. - cis fats forms naturally - Hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond

Answer 25

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 26

-glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group -Amphipathic molecule -phosphate region- polar, hydrophilic, head -fatty acid chains- nonpolar, hydrophobic, tail

Answer 26

Phospholipid

Question 27

When ________ are added to water, they self-assemble unit a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing towards the interior Major component of all cell membranes

Answer 27

Phospholipid

Question 28

* **four interconnected rings of carbon atoms - usually not water soluble - cholesterol- important component in animal cell membranes

Answer 28

Steroids

Question 29

Lipids cannot be considered polymers because....

Answer 29

They are not composed of monomer subunits

Question 30

All ______ do not dissolve well in water.

Answer 30

Lipids

Question 31

Compared to tropical fish, arctic fish oils have.....

Answer 31

More unsaturated fatty acids | Decrease in chain length In colder environments

Question 32

Proteins account for more than ____% it the dry mass of most cells

Answer 32

50

Question 33

Protein functions include:

Answer 33

- proteins involved in gene expression and regulation - Motor proteins - defense proteins - metabolic proteins - cell signaling proteins - structural proteins - transportation - storage proteins

Question 34

- Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups - differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups - cells use 20 amino acids to make thousands of proteins

Answer 34

Amino acid monomers

Question 35

Polypeptides are __________ _________ built from the same set of 20 amino acids

Answer 35

Unbranched polymers

Question 36

* Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction - peptide bond - forms polypeptides - proteins are made up of 1 or more * broken apart by hydrolysis

Answer 36

Polypeptides

Question 37

Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence linear sequence of amino acids, with a ________ end (C-terminus) and an ________ (N-terminus)

Answer 37

Carboxyl, amino

Question 38

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s ______________ And this determines its function

Answer 38

Three-dimensional conformation

Question 39

Four levels of protein structures

Answer 39

- primary - secondary - tertiary - quaternary All polypeptides have primary primary, secondary, and tertiary Quaternary structure is not present in all polypeptides

Question 40

What is the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 40

Amino acid sequence and this is determined by genes

Question 41

secondary structure of proteins

Answer 41

- chemical and physical interactions course folding - repeating patterns-result form hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone - alpha helices-coil - beta pleated sheets- folder structure(key determinants of a protein’s characteristics - “random coiled regions” (not a helix or beta pleated sheet, shape is specific and important to function)

Question 42

Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 42

- folding gives complex three-dimensional shape | - final level of structure for single polypeptide chain

Question 43

Tertiary structure is determined by interactions between ________, rather than interactions between the backbone constituents These interactions included...... Strong covalent bonds called ___________ may reinforce the protein’s structure

Answer 43

R group Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions*, and van der Waals interactions disulfide bridges

Question 44

Quaternary structure

Answer 44

Made up of 2 or more polypeptides from on macromolecule - protein subunits- individual polypeptides - multinumeric proteins- protein’s with multiple parts

Question 45

What are factors promoting protein folding and stability?

Answer 45

``` 1 hydrogen bonds 2 ionic bonds and other polar interactions 3 hydrophobic effects 4 Van der Waals forces 5 disulfide bridges ```

Question 46

The loss of a protein’s native conformation is called Becomes biologically inactive

Answer 46

Denaturation

Question 47

What cause a protein to unravel?

Answer 47

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental interactions

Question 48

Something that helps other proteins fold

Answer 48

Chaperonins

Question 49

What biological molecules contain peptide bonds?

Answer 49

Proteins

Question 50

What are the two classes of nucleic acids?

Answer 50

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- double stranded, store genetic information Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -single stranded, involved in decoding this information into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to forms polypeptide chain

Question 51

Nucleic acids are polymers called ____________

Answer 51

Polynucleotides

Question 52

Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called _________

Answer 52

Nucleotides

Question 53

Describe the structure of nucleic acids

Answer 53

Monomer linker into polymer with a sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 54

Nucleoside?

Answer 54

``` (Not the phosphate base) -nitrogenous base -sugar Ribose Dexoribose ```

Question 55

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 55

Pyrimidines -single six-membered ring Purines - a six-membered ring fused to a five- membered ring - adenine and guanine (double ring)

Question 56

Complementary base pairings

Answer 56

A=T G triple bond to C

Question 57

In the DNA double helix backbones run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as.....

Answer 57

Antiparallel

Question 58

When you see phosphate group it’s at _____ And the opposite end is the hydroxyl group at _____

Answer 58

5’ | 3’

Question 59

Thymine is associated with? And uracil?

Answer 59

DNA, RNA

Question 60

How many forms of DNA? RNA?

Answer 60

1 form, several forms

Question 61

2 strands DNA are bonded by HYDROGEN BONDS. There’s bonds are called __________

Answer 61

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 62

_______ encodes hereditary information

Answer 62

DNA, not RNA